Module 3 - IT 101

Module 3:
Frequency Distribution
and their Graphic
Representation
Objectives:
At the end of the chapter, the students are
expected to:
▸ Define some basic terms in formulation of frequency distribution.

▸ Organize data into a frequency distribution.
▸ Represent the data into graph using Bar graph and Line graph.
2
Defining some terms
• Raw data. The data collected in original form.
• Range. The difference between the highest value and the lowest value in a distribution.
• Frequency Distribution. The organization of data in a tabular form, using mutually exclusive classes showing
the number of observations in each.
• Class Limits. The highest and lowest values describing a class.
• Class Boundaries. The upper and lower values of a class for group frequency distribution whose values has
additional decimal place more than the class limits and end with the digit 5.
1
• Interval (width). The distance between class lower boundary and upper class boundary and is denoted by the
symbol i.
• Frequency (f). The number of values in a specific class of a frequency distribution.
• Relative Frequency (rf). Is the value obtained when the frequencies in each class is divided by the total numer of
values (N).
• Percentage. Is obtained by multiplying the relative frequency by 100%.
• Cumulative Frequency (cf). The sum of the frequencies accumulated up to the upper boundary of a class in a
frequency distribution.
• Cumulative Percentage Frequency. Obtained by dividing the cumulative frequency by the total number of cases
times 100.
• Midpoint. The point halfway between the class limits of each class and is representative of the data within that
class.
Frequency
Distribution
4
Steps in constructing a Frequency Distribution Table
Example:
The data in Table 1 presents the score of 40 computer students who took a
120 item test in statistics achievement test.
56 62 71 79 87 61 67 78
84 95 58 63 72 80 66 75
83 93 102 105 107 97 117 100
74 81 91 81 90 99 115 60
59 65 73 64 110 98 58 88
5
In dealing with Frequency Distribution Table, the first thing you must do is to know the
given in the data such as:
1. f = 40
2. 2. Highest Value = 117
3. Lowest Value = 56
Also, arrange the data in ascending or descending order.
56 58 58 59 60 61 62 63
64 65 66 67 71 72 73 74
75 78 79 80 81 81 83 84
87 88 90 91 93 95 97 98
99 100 102 105 107 110 115 117
6
Step 1: Find the Range
The range is the difference between the Lowest and the Highest Value in a distribution (R = HS –
LS).
In the given example, the HS = 117 and the LS = 56. The range is 117 – 56 = 61.
Step 2: Determine the number of classes
▸
Step 3: Determine the Class Interval
▸
7
Setting of Class Limits and Class Boundaries
Select a starting point for the highest class limit. The starting point can be the highest data
value or any convenient number higher than the highest data value. In our case 117 is used.
Class Limits Class Boundaries

Upper
Lower Limits Upper Boundaries Lower Boundaries
Add 0.5 on every data from the Limits
upper class limits to get the Upper Class 117 107 117.5 106.5
Boundaries, and subtract 0.5 on every 106 96 106.5 95.5
data from the lower limits to get the Lower
95 85 95.5 84.5
Class Boundaries.
84 74 84.5 73.5
73 63 73.5 62.5
62 52 62.5 51.5
8
Frequency and Midpoint
Tally the raw data and convert the tallied data into numerical frequencies. Add the Upper
and Lower Class Limits and divide to 2 to get the Midpoint.

Frequency (f) Midpoint
Upper Limits Lower Limits Upper Boundaries Lower Boundaries
117 107 117.5 106.5 4 112

106 96 106.5 95.5 6 101
95 85 95.5 84.5 6 90
84 74 84.5 73.5 9 79
73 63 73.5 62.5 8 68
62 52 62.5 51.5 7 57
40
9
Relative Frequency and Percentage
Relative Frequency can be found by dividing each frequency by the total frequency.
Percentage ca be found by multiplying Relative Frequency by 100.

Relative
Lower Upper Frequency (f) Midpoint Percentage
Upper Limits Lower Boundaries Frequency
Limits Boundaries
117 107 117.5 106.5 4 112 0.1 10%
106 96 106.5 95.5 6 101 0.15 15%
95 85 95.5 84.5 6 90 0.15 15%
84 74 84.5 73.5 9 79 0.225 22.5%
73 63 73.5 62.5 8 68 0.2 20%
62 52 62.5 51.5 7 57 0.175 17.5%
40 1.0 100%
10
Relative Frequency and Percentage
Relative Frequency can be found by dividing each frequency by the total frequency.
Percentage ca be found by multiplying Relative Frequency by 100.

Relative
Lower Upper Frequency (f) Midpoint Percentage
Upper Limits Lower Boundaries Frequency
Limits Boundaries
117 107 117.5 106.5 4 112 0.1 10%
106 96 106.5 95.5 6 101 0.15 15%
95 85 95.5 84.5 6 90 0.15 15%
84 74 84.5 73.5 9 79 0.225 22.5%
73 63 73.5 62.5 8 68 0.2 20%
62 52 62.5 51.5 7 57 0.175 17.5%
40 1.0 100%
11
Cumulative Frequencies
For “lesser than” cumulative frequency, cumulating the frequencies starts from the bottom
or lowest class limit, and for “greater than” cumulative frequency, cumulating starts from the top
or highest class limit.

Cumulative Frequency
Frequency Relative
Upper Lower Upper Lower Midpoint Percentage
(f) Frequency
Limits Limits Boundaries Boundaries “<“ “>”
117 107 117.5 106.5 4 112 0.1 10% 40 4

106 96 106.5 95.5 6 101 0.15 15% 36 10
95 85 95.5 84.5 6 90 0.15 15% 30 16
84 74 84.5 73.5 9 79 0.225 22.5% 24 25
73 63 73.5 62.5 8 68 0.2 20% 15 33
62 52 62.5 51.5 7 57 0.175 17.5% 7 40
40 1.0 100%
12
Cumulative Percentage Frequencies
CPF is obtained by dividing the cumulative frequencies by the total number of cases times
100.

Cumulative
Cumulative
Percentage
Frequency Midpoin Relative Frequency
Percentage Frequency
Upper Lower Upper Lower (f) t Frequency
Limits Limits Boundaries Boundaries
“<“ “>” “<“ “>”
117 107 117.5 106.5 4 112 0.1 10% 40 4 100 10

106 96 106.5 95.5 6 101 0.15 15% 36 10 90 25
95 85 95.5 84.5 6 90 0.15 15% 30 16 75 40
84 74 84.5 73.5 9 79 0.225 22.5% 24 25 60 62.5
73 63 73.5 62.5 8 68 0.2 20% 15 33 37.5 82.5
62 52 62.5 51.5 7 57 0.175 17.5% 7 40 17.5 100
40 1.0 100%
13
Graphic Representation of Frequency Distribution
BAR
GRAPH
BAR
GRAPH
BAR
GRAPH
LINE
GRAPH
LINE
GRAPH
LINE
GRAPH
END
20

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Module 3:

▸ Define some basic terms in formulation of frequency distribution.

83 93 102 105 107 97 117 100

Also, arrange the data in ascending or descending order.

99 100 102 105 107 110 115 117

Step 2: Determine the number of classes

Step 3: Determine the Class Interval

Class Limits Class Boundaries

Class Limits Class Boundaries

117 107 117.5 106.5 4 112

Class Limits Class Boundaries

117 107 117.5 106.5 4 112 0.1 10%

106 96 106.5 95.5 6 101 0.15 15%

95 85 95.5 84.5 6 90 0.15 15%

84 74 84.5 73.5 9 79 0.225 22.5%

73 63 73.5 62.5 8 68 0.2 20%

62 52 62.5 51.5 7 57 0.175 17.5%

Class Limits Class Boundaries

117 107 117.5 106.5 4 112 0.1 10%

106 96 106.5 95.5 6 101 0.15 15%

95 85 95.5 84.5 6 90 0.15 15%

84 74 84.5 73.5 9 79 0.225 22.5%

73 63 73.5 62.5 8 68 0.2 20%

62 52 62.5 51.5 7 57 0.175 17.5%

Class Limits Class Boundaries

117 107 117.5 106.5 4 112 0.1 10% 40 4

Class Limits Class Boundaries

117 107 117.5 106.5 4 112 0.1 10% 40 4 100 10

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