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    Electronic Configuration of Atoms With Many Electrons

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    Arnob Tanjim
    Each electron in an atom is described by four quantum numbers: principal (n), angular momentum (l), magnetic (ml), and spin (ms). The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that each orbital can contain two electrons with opposite spins. The Aufbau Principle states that electrons fill the lowest energy levels first before moving to higher levels. Hund's Rule states that orbitals of equal energy are filled with electrons of parallel spins first.

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    Electronic Configuration of Atoms With Many Electrons

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    Arnob Tanjim
    23 views17 pages
    Each electron in an atom is described by four quantum numbers: principal (n), angular momentum (l), magnetic (ml), and spin (ms). The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that each orbital can contain two electrons with opposite spins. The Aufbau Principle states that electrons fill the lowest energy levels first before moving to higher levels. Hund's Rule states that orbitals of equal energy are filled with electrons of parallel spins first.

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    L5_AIq_CHE101-15 17

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    Each electron in an atom is described by four quantum numbers: principal (n), angular momentum (l), magnetic (ml), and spin (ms). The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that each orbital can contain two electrons with opposite spins. The Aufbau Principle states that electrons fill the lowest energy levels first before moving to higher levels. Hund's Rule states that orbitals of equal energy are filled with electrons of parallel spins first.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    23 views17 pages

    Electronic Configuration of Atoms With Many Electrons

    Uploaded by

    Arnob Tanjim
    Each electron in an atom is described by four quantum numbers: principal (n), angular momentum (l), magnetic (ml), and spin (ms). The Pauli Exclusion Principle states that each orbital can contain two electrons with opposite spins. The Aufbau Principle states that electrons fill the lowest energy levels first before moving to higher levels. Hund's Rule states that orbitals of equal energy are filled with electrons of parallel spins first.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 17

    Electronic Configuration of

    Atoms with Many Electrons

    7-1
    Quantum Numbers for Electrons
    Name Symbol Permitted Values Property

    principal n positive integers (1, 2, 3, …) orbital energy (size)

    angular l integers from 0 to n – 1 orbital shape (The l values


    momentum 0, 1, 2, and 3 correspond to
    s, p, d, and f orbitals,
    respectively.)
    magnetic ml integers from –l to 0 to +l orbital orientation

    spin ms +½ or –½ direction of e– spin

     Each electron in any atom is described completely by a set of four


    quantum numbers.
     The first three quantum numbers describe the orbital, while the fourth quantum number
    describes electron spin.

    7-2
    Pauli Exclusion Principle

     Pauli Exclusion Principle states that each orbital may contain a


    maximum of two electrons, and they must have opposite spins.

    He (Z = 2) 1s2
    ↑↓
    1s

     In other words, no two electrons in an atom can have all four


    quantum numbers the same.

    7-3
    Aufbau (or Building Up) Principle
     The Aufbau Principle states that electrons are always placed in the
    lowest energy level first, and then placed in higher levels in order.

    Period 1: ↑ He (Z = 2) 1s2
    ↑↓
    H (Z = 1) 1s 1

    1s 1s

    Period 2:

    7-4
    Aid to memorizing sub-shell filling order

    7-5
    Hund’s Multiplicity Rule
     Hund’s Multiplicity Rule states that when orbitals of equal energy are
    available, the orbitals are all filled up with electrons of parallel (same)
    spins first.

    Period 2:

    7-6
    Sample Problem 8.1
    Write a set of quantum numbers for the third electron and a set for the
    eighth electron of the F atom.

    SOLUTION

    7-7
    7-8
    Electronic Configuration of Period 3: 11Na, 12Mg, ...., 15P...., 18Ar
    (using Ne configuration)

    7-9
    Electronic Configuration of Period 4: 19K, ... 23V, ..., 28Ni, ..., 36Kr
    (using Ar configuration)

    7-10
    7-11
    Anomalies of 24Cr and 29Cu

     Half-filled and fulfilled d-orbitals tend to be more stable than


    partially filled ones

    7-12
    Categories of Electrons

     Inner (core) electrons are those an atom has in common with the
    previous noble gas and any completed transition series.

     Outer electrons are those in the highest energy level (highest n value).

     Valence electrons are those involved in forming compounds.


     For main group elements, the valence electrons are the outer electrons.
     For transition elements, the valence electrons include the outer electrons and any (n -1)d
    electrons.

    4s 3d 4p

    7-13
    Electron Configuration and Group
     Elements in the same group of the periodic table have the same outer
    electron configuration, and thus they exhibit similar chemical behavior.

    7-14
    7-15
    Sample Problem 8.2
    Give the condensed and full electron configurations for the following elements:

    (a) Technetium (Tc; Z = 43) (b) Lead (Pb; Z = 82)

    SOLUTION

    (a) For Tc (Z = 43)

    Condensed: [Kr]5s24d5
    Full: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d5

    (b) For Pb (Z = 82)

    Condensed: [Xe] 6s24f145d106p2


    Full: 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f145d106p2

    7-16
    Trends in three atomic properties.

    • For electron affinity, the dashed


    arrows indicate that there are
    numerous exceptions to expected
    trends
    • Metals, found in the left and lower
    three-quarters of the periodic
    table, are typically shiny solids,
    have moderate to high melting
    points, are good conductors of
    • heat and electricity,
    • Nonmetals. have relatively low
    melting points, are poor
    conductors, are mostly crumbly
    solids or gases,

    7-17

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