EVOLUTION OF

HIGHRISE
BUILDINGS
ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN – 7TH SEM

BY-
ANTONY FRANCIS
DARSHAN A JAIN
FAIZAN SIRAJ
HARINI
KAPIL RAI
MOHAMMED SHAHID
REVATHI A KUMARI
SHARON SAJI PAREL
SYED HARRIS
 INTRODUCTION

What is a high-rise building?

•“A building whose height creates different conditions in
the design, construction, and than use those that exist in
common buildings of a certain region and period.”
(according to ‘The Council of Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat
organisation(CTBUH))

•A multi-storey structure between 35 – 100 meters tall , or a building

of unknown height from 12 – 39 floors.

•According to the BBMP Bengaluru , a high rise building is one with

four floors(15m and above) or more in height.
 HISTORY OF HIGH RISE

•Tallstructures have always fascinated mankind. There

were buildings stretching well over 100 meters into the
sky even before industrialization.

•Few very early examples of architecture reaching far up

into the sky are
1. The Pyramid of Khufu (2620 to 2500 B.C.), at 139
meters the world's tallest pyramid, The Pyramid of Khufu
2. The Pharos of Alexandria, which was around 140
meters' height, the tallest lighthouse ever built up
until the 20th century.

•Afterthe construction of the Home Insurance Building

in Chicago in the 19th century, the incrementation in the
height of skyscrapers began.

Tallest lighthouse

REFERENCE : http./WIKIMEDIA.com
HISTORY OF HEIGHT INCREASE’S IN
TALL BUILDINGS IN DIFFERENT
REGIONS OF THE WORLD

REFERENCE : http./WIKIMEDIA.com
CHART REPRESENTS THE TIME PROGRESS OF
HIGH RISE FROM 1300CE TO 2000
 HISTORY OF HIGH RISE

•The construction of the Chrysler Building, followed by the Empire

State Building, in New York City showed a rise in the skyscraper
designs.

•The
next tallest skyscraper was the World Trade Center, which was
completed in 1971.

•The north tower was 417 m (1,368 ft) and the south 415 m (1,362 ft)
tall. It surpassed the height of the Empire State Building by 36 m
(118 ft).

•Two years later the Sears Tower was built in Chicago, standing at

442 m (1,450 ft) with 110 floors, surpassing the height of the World
Trade Center by 25 metres (82 ft).
 Empire State Building
World Trade Center
North tower
Chrysler
Building
HISTORY OF HIGH RISE

Sears Tower

Burj Khalifa

Petronas Towers World Trade

Center
Taipei 101 REFERENCE :
http./WIKIMEDIA.com
• The Petronas Towers rose 10 meters above the Sears Tower,
standing at a height of 452 m (1,483 ft) and each having 88 floors.

• In 2004, the construction of Taipei 101 brought the height of

skyscrapers to a new level, standing at 509 m (1,670 ft) with 101
floors. It is 59 metres (194 ft) taller than the previous record
holders, the Petronas Towers.

• Burj Khalifa surpassed the height of Taipei 101 by 319 metres

(1,047 ft) in 2009, making it 60% taller. It has broken several
skyscraper records, and it is almost twice as tall as the Empire State
Building. Burj Khalifa has also broken the record of the world's
tallest structure.
 THE RISE OF HIGH RISE

•The migration of people from rural to urban has given rise to a

rapid population growth , hence land is scare and expensive ,
particularly in large cities.

•Asthe inevitable growth of population and intensifying

urbanization , high-rise residential towers are more prevalent in
many cities , replacing vast areas of vernacular houses.

•Richard rogers mentioned “ the 12th century was a period dominated

by innovation and the spirit of science it has had revolutionary
effects on all fields of mans endeavor- art, architecture, economics,
and politics.
 IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL
REVOLUTION IN HIGH RISE
DESIGNS

•The biggest impact of the Industrial

Revolution during the 19th century
architecture was the mass-production of
iron and later steel and glass in large
quantities and lesser time consumption in
their production.

•As corporations grew in size there was a

need of large working space , centralized
office operations pushed architects to The factories
design taller and taller office buildings on manufacturing
steel and glass
urban lots...giving rise to the skyscraper.

•In1852 Elisha Otis introduced the safety

elevator ,which was another invention for
rapid increase in the construction of
skyscrapers.
REFERENCE :
http./WIKIMEDIA.com
REFERENCE : http./WIKIMEDIA.com
TYPE 1 :
•Shear walls- RC structural walls designed to resist lateral forces.
•Excellent structural system to resist earthquake
•Provided throughout the entire height of wall Practicing from 1960s for medium and
high rise buildings 4 to 35 stories high.

TYPE 2 :
•Shear walls with extra support within the central core having bracing.
•Can be provided for buildings of height from 40 to 60 stories.

TYPE 3 :
•A building is designed to act like a hollow cylinder, cantilevered perpendicular to
the ground-having outer structure made of steel
•Can be provided for buildings of height from 65 to 74 stories.

TYPE 4 :
•Instead of one tube, a building consists of several tubes tied together to resist lateral
forces. Such buildings have interior columns along the perimeters of the tubes when
they fall within the building envelope.
•Can be provided for buildings of height from 80 to 110 stories.
1 . EDDY STONE LIGHTHOUSE

•Built in : 1765

•Structural engineer :  John Smeaton

•Used as : Lighthouse

•Height : 49 meters

•Structural system : Concrete structure

•Characteristicfeatures : This is a Type 1 structure

with hydraulic lime, which made cement that can
harden underwater and is used to make water resistant EDDY stone lighthouse
concrete

REFERENCE :
http://www.concretecontractor.com/img/projects/EDDY’s-lighthouseog
 2. EIFFEL TOWER , PARIS

• Built in :1887-1888

• Architect : Alexandre Gustave Eiffel 

• Style : Modern

• Used as : Exhibit tower

• Height : 324 m , 1,063 ft tall

• Structural system : A Type 4 building with

Wrought iron ,lattice work, also cement and Eiffel tower, Paris
glass where used

REFERENCE :
http://www.concretecontractor.com/img/projects/eiffeltower02.g
3. INGALS BUILDING -THE FIRST
CONCRETE TALL BUILDING (1902)

• Built in : 1902-1904.

• Architect : W.P. Anderson and Eizner

• Style : Neo-classical

• Used as : Commercial space

• Height : Its 210 ft tall building - 16 storey’s.

• Structural system : Type 1 structure with

Ingalls building , Cincinnati, OHIO
concrete – reinforced concrete construction
and glass.

REFERENCE :
http://www.concretecontractor.com/img/projects/ingalls02.g
4 . THE CHICAGO BUILDING
(savings bank building)

•Built in : 1904–1905

•Architects : Holabird & Root associates

•Structural engineer : Fazlur Khan

•Style : Chicago school style

•Used as : Commercial space

•Height : 15 storeyed building , 197ft tall

•Structural system : Type 2 structure with Framed tubes The Chicago Building

•Characteristicfeatures : Use of large "Chicago windows",

metal frame construction, framed tube structure ,
distinctive bays and terra cotta cladding.
REFERENCE :
http://www.concretecontractor.com/img/projects/chicagog
5. CHRYSLER’S TOWER , NEW YORK

•Built in :1928-1930

•Architect : Walter Chrysler

•Style : Art-deco

•Used as : Commercial purpose

•Height : 318.9 m , 1046 ft tall

(

•Structural system : Type 4 with combination of

brick steel and glass
Chryslers tower, New York

REFERENCE :
http://www.concretecontractor.com/img/projects/chyslerstower.g
 6. EMPIRE STATE BUILDING, NEW YORK

• Built in : 1928-1931

• Architect : Shreve, Lamb & Harmon 

• Style : Art deco

• Used as : Commercial purpose

• Height : 443.2 metres , 1,454 ft tall ,102

storey

• Structural system : Type 4 structure and is

composed of steel , stainless steel , aluminium Empire state building , New York
, limestone , glass and bricks

REFERENCE :
http://www.concretecontractor.com/img/projects/empirestate.g
7. SEAGRAM BUILDING, NEW YORK

• Built in : 1955-1958

• Architect :Ludwig Mies van der Rohe, Philip

Johnson

• Style : Combination of International Style,

Modern architecture

• Used as : Mixed use

• Height : 157 m , 515 ft tall,38 storeys

• Structural system : Type 4 with bronze , steel

, glass , travertine and marble
Seagram building , New York

REFERENCE :
http://www.concretecontractor.com/img/projects/seagrrambuilubg,newyorkg
8. WORLD TRADE CENTRE , NEW YORK

• Built in : 1970–1973, (reconstruction 2001-

present)

• Architect : Minoru Yamasaki

• Style : Modern , postmodern and

contemporary

• Used for : Commercial purpose World trade centre, New York

• Height : 1,362 feet , 415.1 m

• Structural system : Type 4 with high- World trade centre, New York
strength steel , concrete Present structure

REFERENCE :
http://www.concretecontractor.com/img/projects/worldtradecentre,newyork.g
9 . WATER TOWER PLACE - CHICAGO, ILLINOIS

•Built in : 1975-1990

•Architect : Edward D. Dart

•Style : Gothic revival

•Used as : Mixed use

•Height : 76 stories, 859 ft tall

•Structural system : reinforced concrete and glass

•Design concept : Type 4 with conventional design Water Tower Place

was used for the bottom 12 floors and a tubular
design for the top 64 storey’s.

REFERENCE :
http://www.concretecontractor.com/img/projects/iwatertowerg
10. HONGKONG AND SHANGHAI BANK, HONGKONG

•Built in : 1978-1985

•Architect : Norman foster and Wendy foster

•Style : Hi-tech architecture

•Used for : Commercial purpose

•Height : 180 m , 587 ft tall

•Structural system : Type 4 with aluminium and Hongkong and Shanghai bank, Hongkong
steel

REFERENCE :
http://www.concretecontractor.com/img/projects/hongkong-shanghaibank.g
11. THE PETRONAS TOWERS ,MALAYSIA

• Built in : 1991(designed)-1998

• Architect : Cesar Pelli  

• Style : Postmodern

• Used as : Mixed use

• Height : 427 metres , 1,401 ft tall ,88 storey

• Structural system : Type 4 with reinforced

concrete and steel facade, glass and
aluminium

Petronas tower , Malaysia

REFERENCE :
http://www.concretecontractor.com/img/projects/petronastower,malaysiae.g
12. TAIPEI 101 ,TAIWAN

• Built in : 1998-1999

• Architect : C.Y. Lee & Partners

• Style : Postmodern

• Used as : Commercial purpose

• Height : 508 m , 1,666 ft tall ,101 storey

• Structural system : Type 4 with steel and

concrete
Taipei 101 , Taiwan

REFERENCE :
http://www.concretecontractor.com/img/projects/taipei101,taiwane.g
13. BURJ KHALIFA , DUBAI

• Built in : 2004-2010

• Architect : Adrian Smith, William F.

Baker, George J. Efstathiou, Marshall
Strabala

• Style : Combination of modern,

contemporary , futuristic , hi-tech and
Islamic styles

• Used as : Mixed use

• Height : 830 m , 2,723 ft tall ,163 storey

Burj Khalifa, Dubai
• Structural system : It is a Type 4 building
with Steel , aluminium , reinforced concrete

REFERENCE :
http://www.concretecontractor.com/img/projects/burjkhalifa,dubai.g
 TUBE BUILDING WITH DIAGONALS
• By 1963, a new structural system of framed tubes had appeared
in skyscraper design and construction.

•  Fazlur Rahman Khan defined the framed tube structure as "a three

dimensional space structure composed of three, four, or possibly more
frames, braced frames, or shear walls, joined at or near their edges to form
a vertical tube-like structural system capable of resisting lateral forces in
any direction by cantilevering from the foundation”.

•  Closely spaced interconnected exterior columns form the tube.

• Framed tubes allow fewer interior columns, and so allow more usable
floor space. Where larger openings like garage doors are needed, the tube
frame must be interrupted, with transfer girders used to maintain structural
integrity.
•The first building to apply the tube-frame
construction was the DeWitt-Chestnut
Apartment Building which Khan designed and
which was finished in Chicago by 1963. This
laid the foundations for the tube structural
design of many later skyscrapers, including
his own John Hancock Centre and Willis
Tower, and the construction of the World
Trade Centre, Petronas Towers, Jin Mao
Building, and most other supertall skyscrapers
since the 1960s, including the world's tallest
building as of 2017, the Burj Khalifa.

REFERENCE :
http://www.tube_buildings.com/img/projects/Highrise_buildings.g
THE EVOLUTION OF TWO
CITIES KNOWN FOR THEIR
HIGHRISES .
EVOLUTION OF HIGHRISES IN NEW YORK
( 1879 - 2013)

REFERENCE : http://www.urban-hub.com
EVOLUTION OF HIGHRISES IN DUBAI

REFERENCE : http://www.urban-hub.com
HIGH RISES IN INDIA
 1. UB CITY , BANGLORE

• Built in : 2004-2008

• Architect : Thomas Associates

• Style : Colonial style, postmodernism

• Used as : Commercial purpose

• Height : 123 m , 404 ft tall

• Structural system : Type 4 with steel and

concrete
U B City , Bangalore

REFERENCE :
http://www.concretecontractor.com/img/projects/tubcity_banglore.g
 2 . PLANET GODREJ, MUMBAI

• Built in : 2004-2006

• Architect : DP Architects

• Style : Postmodern

• Used as : Residential purpose

• Height : 181 metre (593 ft) 51-floors

• Structural system : Type 4 with steel and Planet Godrej, Mumbai

concrete

REFERENCE :
http://www.concretecontractor.com/img/projects/imperialtwintowers_mumbai.g
 3.THE IMPERIAL TOWER, MUMBAI

• Built in : 2005-2007

• Architect : Hafeez

• Style : Postmodern

• Used as : Residential purpose

• Height : 256-metre (840 ft) 60-floor

• Structural system : Type 4 and steel and

concrete
The imperial tower , Mumbai

REFERENCE :
http://www.concretecontractor.com/img/projects/imperialtwintowers_mumbai.g
4. THE 42, KOLKATA

• Built in : 2012-2017

• Architect : Hafeez

• Style : Postmodern

• Used as : Residential purpose

• Height : 268metre (876ft) 116-floor

• Structural system : Type 4 with steel and

The 42, Kolkata
concrete

REFERENCE :
http://www.concretecontractor.com/img/projects/imperialtwintowers_mumbai.g
EVOLUTION OF HIGHRISES IN INDIA FROM 2000-PRESENT
300

250

200

150

100

50

0
UB CITY PLANET GODREJ IMPERIAL TOWER THE 42
2008 2006 2007 2017
 MATERIALS AND METHODS USED

•Materials used for high rise buildings are concrete ,

steel , glass , cladding materials , high alumina cement
used for roofs and floors.

•It
contains bauxite instead of the traditional clay ,
cement , Portland cement , lime stone , silica.

Portland cement construction

Cladding

Alumina cement
used for floors
The use of steel ,
glass
REFERENCE : http./WIKIMEDIA.com
WORLD ONE TOWER , MUMBAI-INDIA
442M REFERENCE : https://www.deviantart.com
 PROPOSED TALLEST TOWER THAT WILL SURPASS BURJ KHALIFA

KINGDOM TOWER, JEDDAH

Status Under Construction 

Type Mixed-use: office, hotel,

residential, apartments,
observation, retail

Architectural style Neo-futurism

Location Jeddah, Saudi Arabia

Construction 2013-2020

Architects Adrian D. Smith, Adrian Smith +

Gordon Gill Architecture

HEIGHT 1008M
 PRESENT DEVELOPMENT
• The Biotic Tower is a proposed vertical city, an extremely large building designed for
human habitation by Spanish architects .
• It would be around 300 stories-1,228 m(4,030 ft).

• The Aeropolis 2001 was a proposed 500-story high-rise building over Tokyo

Bay in Japan, envisioned by Obayashi Corporation. With a height of 2,001 metres
(6,565 ft)

• The Dubai City Tower, also known as the Dubai Vertical City, is a proposed mega
tall skyscraper announced in 2008.
• The building is supposed to be 2,400 metres (7,900 ft) tall.
• The building, created by an architect to display possibly future technologies, is the third
tallest building ever fully envisioned after the X-Seed 4000 (4,000 m) and the Ultima
Tower (3,218 m).

• Hence , the construction of tall buildings are in progress and the future would witness
mega tall structures too.

REFERENCE : http./WIKIMEDIA.com
 REFERENCE
•SustainableConstructions under Natural Hazards and Catastrophic Events
LECTURE -13
•http://www.urban-hub.com
•http://www.concretecontractor.com/img/projects/.g
•https://www.deviantart.com
•www.boman-rustom-irani.com

•DERNS – ELEVATOR PLANNING FOR HIGHRISE STRUCTURES

THANK YOU