Reading Chapter 4 Part 2: Noun & Noun Phrase

Reading NOUN & NOUN
Chapter 4 Part 2
PHRASE
Academic texts contain numerous nouns and long and complicated noun phrases (нэр үг,
нэрийн бүлэг). Nouns and noun phrases can help you:
 To improve your reading comprehension;
 To identify key vocabulary terms that have to be memorized for tests;
 To write effectively about what you have learned.
Noun and noun phrases can be used in various collocations (холбоо үг) forming subject or
object in the sentences. Therefore, we should exercise some examples in order to highlight the
noun, noun phrases and noun clauses. Here are given some most frequently used noun and noun
phrase structures (the main idea nouns are written in red):
NOUNS AND NOUN PHRASES IN ACADEMIC TEXTS
(шинжлэх ухаан, судалгааны бичвэр дэх нэр үг, өгүүлэгдэхүүн гишүүн, нэр үгийн ба өгүүлэгдэхүүний бүлэг )
1. (article) N: (the) mode
2. (article) N1 + N2: (the) process mode (the main noun) or
(article) N1+ N2 + N3: (the) process mode acceleration (the main noun)
3. (article or pronoun) Adj + N: (the or our) behavioral patterns (the main noun)
4. (article/pronoun) Present participle + N: (the) rising epidemic (the main noun)
5. (article/pronoun) Past participle + N: (the) increased risk (the main noun)
6. (article) N1 + preposition + N2: (the) quality (the main noun) of life
7. Noun/noun phrase + which/that clause: serious chronic conditions (the main noun) that reduce the overall quality of life
8. Noun + Past participle or Present participle (sometimes called as reduced relative clause): The situation (the
main noun) in the countries, undergoing nutrition transition, shows that …
9. Nouns can be replaced by pronouns such as one, ones, some, he, she, they and numbers or percentages.
Approximately 80% (the main noun) of people with diabetes are type 2.
Number/percentage (N)
D E TA I L E X P L A N AT I O N O F T H E P R E V I O U S LY- M E N T I O N E D 1 0 D I F F E R E N T F O R M U L A S
Let’s find noun (N) and noun phrase (NP) in sentence: Obesity has reached epidemic proportions globally.
Below, 3 nouns are found: N1, N2 and N3.
Obesity has reached epidemic proportions globally. Which of them is the main noun?
N1 N2 N3 Which is the noun phrase?
Noun (a single noun N1) Noun phrase (collocated from N2 & N3, in which N3 is the main idea word)
S (the subject) + V + O (the object)

So, the structure of the sentence can be identified as S (N1) + V (has reached) + O (NP)
In this way, the sentence includes a noun (the subject) and a noun phrase (the object), where N3 is used as the
main idea word clarified by N2 as in the structure (article) N1 + N2 (see structure 2).
• In case of noun + noun + noun (N1 + N2 + N3), which noun will be the main word?
For example: nutrition transition policy (хоол хүнсний тэжээллэг чанарын өөрчлөлт).
Of course, the main word is N3 or policy.
Write down the following sentences and underline the nouns and noun phrases in different colors as given in
the example, identify their type of forming and determine their structure.
E.g: A major cause of obesity is a lack of physical activity.
art. Adj. N1 prep. N2 verb art. N3 prep. Adj. N4
A major cause of obesity forms NP1. It is the subject of the sentence, in which “cause” is the main noun of NP1.
a lack of physical activity creates NP2. It is the object of the sentence, where “lack’ is the main noun of NP2.
So, the sentence structure is: S (NP1 ) + V (is) + O (NP2 )

1. The distribution of BMI is shifting upwards in many populations.
2. Increased consumption of more energy-dense, nutrient-poor foods with high levels of sugar and saturated fats,
combined with reduced physical activity, have led to obesity rates.
3. As incomes rise and populations become more urban, diets high in complex carbohydrates give way to more varied
diets with a higher proportion of fats, saturated fats and sugars.
4. Recent studies have shown the people who were undernourished in early life and then become obese in adulthood, tend
to develop conditions such as high blood pressure, heart disease, and diabetes at an earlier age.
5. The non-fatal debilitating health problems associated with obesity include respiratory difficulties, chronic
musculoskeletal problems, skin problems and infertility.
6. Economic growth, modernization, urbanization and globalization of food markets are just some of the forces thought to
underlie the epidemic.
7. An estimated 17.6 million children under five are estimated to be overweight worldwide.
Ex. 11. Write 4 sentences using the following noun phrases. It would be easier, if you include 2 of
the phrases in one sentence as its subject and object.
• 1. a major cause 5. the prevalence of obesity

• 2. serious diseases 6. weight management
• 3. people in many countries 7. daily physical activity
• 4. overweight children 8. public policies

Reading Chapter 4 Part 2: Noun & Noun Phrase

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Reading NOUN & NOUN

2. (article) N1 + N2: (the) process mode (the main noun) or

4. (article/pronoun) Present participle + N: (the) rising epidemic (the main noun)

5. (article/pronoun) Past participle + N: (the) increased risk (the main noun)

6. (article) N1 + preposition + N2: (the) quality (the main noun) of life

S (the subject) + V + O (the object)

art. Adj. N1 prep. N2 verb art. N3 prep. Adj. N4

So, the sentence structure is: S (NP1 ) + V (is) + O (NP2 )

• 1. a major cause 5. the prevalence of obesity

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