Russell C.

Hibbeler

Chapter 4: Axial Load

 Saint-Venant’s Principle
Saint-Venant’s principle states that both localized
deformation and stress tend to “even out” at a
distance sufficiently removed from these regions.

Chapter 4: Axial Load

Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Elastic Deformation of an Axially Loaded Member
Using Hooke’s law and the definitions of stress and
strain, we are able to develop the elastic deformation
of a member subjected to axial loads.
Suppose an element subjected to loads,
P x  P x  dx
L
dδ
 and ε   
A x  dx 0
A x  E

 = small displacement
L = original length
P(x) = internal axial force
A(x) = cross-sectional area
E = modulus of elasticity

Chapter 4: Axial Load

Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Elastic Deformation of an Axially Loaded Member
Constant Load and Cross-Sectional Area
When a constant external force is applied at each
end of the member,
PL

AE

Sign Convention
Force and displacement is positive when tension
and elongation and negative will be compression
and contraction.

Chapter 4: Axial Load

Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Example 4.2
The assembly consists of an aluminum tube AB having a cross-sectional area of
400 mm2. A steel rod having a diameter of 10 mm is attached to a rigid collar and
passes through the tube. If a tensile load of 80 kN is applied to the rod, determine
the displacement of the end C of the rod. (Est = 200 GPa, Eal = 70 GPa )

Solution:
Find the displacement of end C with respect to end B.

C / B 
PL

  
 80 103  0.6
 0.003056 m 
  
AE   0.005 200 10 9

Displacement of end B with respect to the fixed end A,

B 
PL

 
 80 103  0.4
 0.001143  0.001143 m 
    
6
AE 400 10 70 10 9

(Ans)
Since both displacements are to the right,  C   C   C / B  0.0042 m  4.20 mm 
Chapter 4: Axial Load
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Example 4.4
A member is made from a material that has a specific weight
and modulus of  and elasticity E. If it is formed into a cone,
find how far its end is displaced due to gravity when it is
suspended in the vertical position.

Solution:
Radius x of the cone as a function of y is determined by proportion,
x ro ro
 ; x y
y L L

The volume of a cone having a base of radius x and height y is

 2 ro2 3
V  yx  2 y
3 3L

Chapter 4: Axial Load

Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Solution:
Since W  V , the internal force at the section becomes

ro2 3
   Fy  0; P y   2 y
3L
The area of the cross section is also a function of position y,
r 2
A y   x 2  2o y 2
L
Between the limits of y =0 and L yields

 
P y  dy
L

 L

ro2 3L2  dy L2


0
A y  E 0 ro L  E
2 2
 6E 
(Ans)

Chapter 4: Axial Load

Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Principle of Superposition
Principle of superposition is to simplify stress and
displacement problems by subdividing the loading
into components and adding the results.

Statically Indeterminate Axially Loaded Member

A member is statically indeterminate when equations
of equilibrium are not sufficient to determine the
reactions on a member.

Chapter 4: Axial Load

Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Example 4.5
The steel rod has a diameter of 5 mm. It is attached to the fixed wall at A, and
before it is loaded, there is a gap between the wall at and B’ and the rod of 1 mm.
Find the reactions at A and B’ if the rod is subjected to an axial force of P = 20 kN.
Neglect the size of the collar at C. (Est = 200 GPa)

Solution:
Equilibrium of the rod requires

   Fx  0;  
 FA  FB  20 103  0 (1)
The compatibility condition for the rod is  B / A  0.001 m .
By using the load–displacement relationship,
FA LAC FB LCB
 B / A  0.001  
AE AE
FA  0.4  FB  0.8  3927.0 N  m (2)
Solving Eqs. 1 and 2 yields FA = 16.6 kN and FB = 3.39 kN. (Ans)
Chapter 4: Axial Load
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Example 4.8
The bolt is made of 2014-T6 aluminum alloy and is tightened so it compresses a
cylindrical tube made of Am 1004-T61 magnesium alloy. The tube has an outer
radius of 10 mm, and both the inner radius of the tube and the radius of the bolt are
5 mm. The washers at the top and bottom of the tube are considered to be rigid and
have a negligible thickness. Initially the nut is hand-tightened slightly; then, using a
wrench, the nut is further tightened one-half turn. If the bolt has 20 threads per inch,
determine the stress in the bolt.

Solution:
Equilibrium requires
   Fy  0; Fb  Ft  0 (1)
When the nut is tightened on the bolt,
the tube will shorten.

    t  0.5   b

Chapter 4: Axial Load

Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Solution:
Taking the 2 modulus of elasticity,
Ft  60 Fb  60
 
   
 102  52 45 103
0 .5
   
 52 75 103
5Ft  125 1125  9 Fb (2)

Solving Eqs. 1 and 2 simultaneously, we get

Fb  Ft  31556  31.56 kN

The stresses in the bolt and tube are therefore

Fb 31556
b    401.8 N/mm 2  401.8 MPa (Ans)
Ab   5
Ft 31556
s    133.9 N/mm 2
 133.9 MPa (Ans)
At  10  5 
2 2

Chapter 4: Axial Load

Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Example 4.9
The A-36 steel rod shown has a diameter of 5 mm. It is attached to the fixed wall at
A, and before it is loaded there is a gap between the wall at and the rod of 1 mm.
Determine the reactions at A and B’.

Solution:
Consider the support at B’ as redundant and using principle of superposition,
 0.001   p   B (1)
Thus,

P 
PLAC


20103   0.4 
 0.002037 m
AE   0.0025 20010  
9

FB 1.2
B 
FB LAB
AE

  0.0025 20010  9
 0 .305610

6
 FB

Chapter 4: Axial Load

Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Solution:
By substituting into Eq. 1,

 
0.001  0.002037  0.3056 10 6 FB
 
FB  3.39 103  3.39 kN (Ans)
From the free-body diagram,

   Fx  0;  FA  20  3.39  0
FA  16.6 kN (Ans)

Chapter 4: Axial Load

Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Thermal Stress
Change in temperature cause a material to change
its dimensions.
Since the material is homogeneous and isotropic,

 T  TL

 = linear coefficient of thermal expansion, property of the material

T = algebraic change in temperature of the member
T = original length of the member
T = algebraic change in length of the member

Chapter 4: Axial Load

Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Example 4.12
The rigid bar is fixed to the top of the three posts made of A-36 steel and 2014-T6
aluminum. The posts each have a length of 250 mm when no load is applied to the
bar, and the temperature is T1 = 20°C. Determine the force supported by each post
if the bar is subjected to a uniform distributed load of 150 kN/m and the temperature
is raised to T2 = 20°C.

Solution:
From free-body diagram we have

   Fy  0; 2 Fst  Fal  90103   0 (1)

The top of each post is displaced by an equal amount and hence,

    st   al (2)

Chapter 4: Axial Load

Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Solution:
The final position of the top of each post is equal to its displacement caused by the
temperature increase and internal axial compressive force.

    st    st  T    st  F
    al    al  T    al  F

Applying Eq. 2 gives

   st  T    st  F    st  T    al  F

With reference from the material properties, we have

Fst  0.25 Fal  0.25
  
 12 106  80  20 0.25   
 23 10 6
 80  
20  0 .25 
  
  0.02 200 109
2
  
  0.03 73.1 109
2

 
Fst  1.216Fal  165.9 103 (3)

Solving Eqs. 1 and 3 simultaneously yields Fst  16.4 kN and Fal  123 kN (Ans)
Chapter 4: Axial Load
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Stress Concentrations
Stress concentrations occur when cross-sectional area
changes.
Maximum stress is determined using a stress
concentration factor, K, which is a function of geometry.

 max
K
 avg

Chapter 4: Axial Load

Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Example 4.14
The steel strap is subjected to an axial load of 80 kN. Find the maximum normal
stress developed in the strap and the displacement of one end of the strap with
respect to the other end. The steel has a yield stress of σY = 700 MPa, and Est = 200
GPa.

Solution:
Maximum normal stress occurs at the smaller cross section (B-C),
r 6 w 40
  0.3,  2
h 20 h 20

Using the table and geometry ratios, we get K = 1.6. Thus the maximum stress is

 max
P
 K  1.6 
 
 80 103 
  640 MPa (Ans)
A   0.02 0.01 
Chapter 4: Axial Load
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Solution:
Neglecting the localized deformations surrounding the applied load and at the
sudden change in cross section of the shoulder fillet (Saint-Venant’s principle), we
have

PL  80103  0.3   80103  0.8 

 A/ D   2 
AE 
  0.04 0.01 20010 
9
  
   0. 02  0 . 
01 20010 
9 

 2.20 mm (Ans)

Chapter 4: Axial Load

Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 *Inelastic Axial Deformation
Member may be designed to yield and permanently
deform; this is referred to as being elastic perfectly
plastic or elastoplastic.

Pp    Y dA   Y A
A

The yield stress and A is the bar’s cross-sectional

area at section a–a.
Chapter 4: Axial Load
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Example 4.16
The bar is made of steel that is assumed to be elastic perfectly plastic, with σY = 250
MPa. Determine (a) the maximum value of the applied load P that can be applied
without causing the steel to yield and (b) the maximum value of P that the bar can
support. Sketch the stress distribution at the critical section for each case.

Solution:
a) Finding the stress concentration factor,
r 4 w 40
  0.125,   1.25
h  40  8 h  40  8

Using the table and geometry ratios, we get K = 1.7. We have

P 
 max  K avg ; Y  K Y 
 A
 
250106   1.75
PY
 0. 002  0 .032    PY  9.14 kN (Ans)
 
Chapter 4: Axial Load
Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd
 Solution:
b) As P is increased to the plastic load it gradually changes the stress distribution
from the elastic state to the plastic state.

Pp
Y 
A

   0.002P 0.032
250 10 6 
p

Pp  16.0 kN (Ans)

Chapter 4: Axial Load

Mechanics of Material 7th Edition
© 2008 Pearson Education South Asia Pte Ltd