The Integrated Pest Management (Ipm) Concept

THE INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT
(IPM) CONCEPT
I. History of the Terminology and a Definition
 Integrated Control was the first term coined to address this concept; it
was created by a group of entomologists in the late 1950's at the University
of California at Riverside led by V. Stern. Integrated Control emphasized
the selective use of chemicals so that natural enemies were conserved in
the ecosystem.
 The term Pest Management came about in the early 1960's, which then
evolved into Integrated Pest Management (IPM). However, many
aspects of IPM have been practiced since plants were first cultivated by
humans. Discontent with a purely pesticidal approach started the push to
look for other ways to control pests.
 Integrated Pest Management (IPM): "a comprehensive
approach to pest control that uses combined means to reduce
the status of pests to tolerable levels while maintaining a
quality environment, economy & social"
 Integrated Crop Management / Integrated Resource
Management / Sustainable Agriculture are terms that have
been used in the 1980's and 90's to refer to the evolution of
IPM into a more holistic or whole systems approach that
emphasizes the consideration of more than just the pests (i.e.,
other components of the ecosystem).
II. The IPM Concept
1. IPM has broad application
 Integrates management of all pests
 Holistic approach; ecologically based
 Can be applied to any ecosystem
2. What does IPM integrate?

 Integrates multiple pest management tactics (chemical,
biological, cultural, mechanical)
 Integrates management of multiple pests (insects, weeds,
disease pathogens, nematodes, vertebrates, etc.)
 Integrates pest management tactics on an area- wide basis
(many pest control situations are better handled on a large-
scale or regional basis)
3. Reduces pests to tolerable levels
 Does not emphasize pest eradication or elimination
4. Incorporates economic sustainability

 Economic Injury Level and Economic Threshold
concepts
 Can also incorporate other important factors such as
maintenance of aesthetic quality
5. Incorporates environmental and social concerns

Toolbox of Management Tactics :
 Biological Controls Cultural Controls
 Mechanical Controls Chemical Controls
Decision-Making Aids :
 Proper Pest Identification
 Pest Monitoring Methods
 Environmental Monitoring
 Use of Degree-Day
 Models Economic Injury Levels Action Thresholds
Knowledge of Pest / Host / Ecosystem Biology :
 Life Cycle
 Behavior
 Seasonal Cycle
 Population Dynamics
 Interactions
III. IPM Strategies & Tactics
 Strategy - overall plan to reduce a pest problem

 Tactic - actual method used to implement the strategy
General IPM Strategies:
 1. Do-nothing - Is the pest economically/aesthetically significant?
Use sampling & knowledge of economic/aesthetic thresholds to
make a decision; if pest population is below the
Economic/Aesthetic Threshold, then control is not justified.
 2. Reduce-numbers (see Figure) - Implement on a treat-as-needed
basis when the economic injury level is reached, or as a preventive
tactic based on history of a pest problem.
Examples of tactics: pesticides, release of natural enemies, cultural
practices such as cultivation, sanitation, etc.
3. Reduce-crop/host/ecosystem susceptibility (see Figure)
 -Rely on changes made in the host (plant or animal) or ecosystem
that make it less susceptible to the pest (i.e., raise the economic
injury level).
 Examples of tactics: host plant (or animal) resistance or tolerance,
cultural practices such as fertilization (reduce stress) and altering
the synchrony between pest and susceptible host stage, etc.
4. Combined strategies
 - Diversification is often helpful in improving

consistency of a pest management program.
IV. What are the Goals of IPM?
 Optimize profits (over the long-term)
 Sustain resource (agricultural or natural; over the long-term)
 More rational use of pesticides
 Reduce environmental contamination and costs - soil,
groundwater, surface water, pollinators, wildlife, endangered
species
 Utilize natural biological controls - conserve & augment; use
selective pesticides, proper timing of applications
 Minimize pesticide resistance problems
 Minimize pest resurgence & secondary pest outbreaks (often
caused by elimination of natural enemies with pesticides)
 Food safety - reduce residues of pesticides on food products
 Worker safety - rely on pest management tactics that are safe
for workers
V. Key Steps in an IPM Program
 Know your pest and plant (ecosystem) health problems

 Decide what is unacceptable pest damage for your situation
 Consider all available pest management practices
 Time pest controls with "windows of opportunity" (points in
pest life cycle when they are most susceptible to controls)

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THE INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

I. History of the Terminology and a Definition

2. What does IPM integrate?

4. Incorporates economic sustainability

5. Incorporates environmental and social concerns

III. IPM Strategies & Tactics

 Strategy - overall plan to reduce a pest problem

 - Diversification is often helpful in improving

 Know your pest and plant (ecosystem) health problems

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