DATA

COLLECTION

Presented by :
PUNAM RAJ
ROLL NO.-30
(BRM ASSIGNMENT)
WOMEN'S COLLEGE RANCHI
 INTRODUCTION OF DATA COLLETION (Primary or
secondary data)

PRIMARY. DATA
COLLECTION

Contents SURVEY vs OBSERVATION

COMPARISON OF SELF
-ADMINISTERED TELEPHONE ,
EMAIL, or MAIL

QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH TOOL:

DEPTH INhTERVIEW, FOCUS GROUPS
AND PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES:
MEASUREMENT & SCALING:: PRIMARY
SCALES OF MEASUREMENT.
 DATA COLLECTION

• Data collection is the process of gathering and measuring information on

variables of interest in an established systematic fashion that enables one to
answer stated Research questions,test, hypothesis and evaluate outcomes..
• Data collection is a term used to describe a process of preparing and
collecting data .

• Systematic gathering of data for a particular purpose from various

sources,that has been systematically observed , recorded organized.
 SOURCES OF DATA
COLLETION
DATA COLLECTION

PRIMARY DATA COLLETION

SECONDARY DATA
COLLETION

① OBSERVATION ① INTERNET
② SURVEY ② EDUCATIO
③ Telephone N
④ E-mail or mail INSTITUTI
⑤ INTERVIEWS ONS
⑥ CASE STUDY ③ PUBLIC
LIBRARIES
PRIMARY DATA
COLLETION
PRIMARY
DATA-
Primary data is a type of data that is
collected by researchers directly from main
sources through interviews, surveys,
experiments, etc. Primary data are usually
collected from the source—where the data
originally originates from and are regarded
as the best kind of data in research.

This type of data are generally a

fresh and collected for the first
time.
 ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGE
OF PRIMARY DATA-
COLLECTION
• ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
• Targeted issue are addressed • High cost
• Data interpretation is better • Time consuming
• Efficient spending for • Inaccurate feed-backs
information
• More Numbers of resources is
• Decency of data required lot of skill with labour
• Proprietary issue
• Addressed specific Research
issue
PRIMARY DATA COLLECTION
TECHNIQUES OR METHODS:
SURVEY & OBSERVATIONS

SURVEY-  Surveys and questionnaires are 2 similar tools used

in collecting primary data. They are a group of
questions typed or written down and sent to the
sample of study to give responses.

 According to Festinger and kar," Many

Research problems require systematic collection
of the data from population through the use of
personal interviews or other data gathering
devices.
 Types of survey

1. ONLINE SURVEY 2. OFFLINE SURVEY

Offline surveys, on the other hand, do not

Online surveys are carried out require an internet connection for it to be
using internet-enabled devices carried out.
like mobile phones, PCs, Tablets, The most common type of offline survey is
etc. paper-based surveys. However, there are also
They can be shared with offline surveys like Formplus that can be
filled with a mobile device without access to
respondents through email,
an internet connection.
websites, or social media.
 ADVANTAGES & DISADVANTAGES
OF SURVEY

ADVANTAGES • DISADVANTAGES
 Respondents have adequate A high rate of non-
time to give responses. response bias.
 It is free from the bias of the It is inflexible and
interviewer. can't be changed once
 They are cheaper compared to sent.
interviews.
It is a slow process.
 OBSERVATION
 Observation method is mostly used in studies related to behavioral
science. The researcher uses observation as a scientific tool and method
of data collection. Observation as a data collection tool is usually
systematically planned and subjected to checks and controls.

 Observation methods is a method under which data form the field

is collected with the help of observation by the observer or by
personally going to the field .
According to P.V. YOUNG,"Observation
may be defined as systematic
viewing,coupled with consideration of seen.
Phenomenon.

TYPES OF OBSERVATION

PARTICIPA
CONTROLLE
NT
STRUCTURED D OR
OR NON-
UNSTRUCTURE
Or
D UNCONTROL PARTICIPA
LED NT/DISGUIS
ED
STRUCTURED AND UNSTRUCTURED: The structured
and unstructured approach is characterized by careful
definition of subject of Observation, style of observer,
condition and selection of data .An Observation process that
satisfies this is said to be structured and vice versa.

CONTROLLED AND UNCONTROLLED: AA controlled

and uncontrolled approach signifies whether the research
took place in a natural setting or according to some pre-
arranged plans. If an observation is done in a natural
setting, it is uncontrolled but becomes controlled if done in a
laboratory.
 PARTICIPANT OR NON-PARTICIPANT/
DISGUISED APPROACH

Before employing a new teacher, academic institutions

sometimes ask for a sample teaching class to test the teacher's
ability. The evaluator joins the class and observes the teaching,
making him or her a participant.

The evaluation may also decide to observe from outside the

class, becoming a non-participant. An evaluator may also be
asked to stay in class and disguise as a student, in order to carry
out a disguised observation.
 ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGES
OF OBSERVATION

• ADVANTAGE: DISADVANTAGES:
 The data is usually The information is limited.
objective. It is expensive
Data is not affected by Respondents opinions can not
past or future events. be recorded on certain subject
Subjective bias
eliminated
SURVEY & OBSERVATION

Add your title

BASIS. SURVEY.
OBSERVATION
A detailed study of geographical Observation may be define as
Meaning area to gather data attitudes, systematic viewing, coupled
impressions, opinions, satisfaction with consideration of seen
level etc.by polling a section of the
population. phenomenon.

No.of people Many people to an A Observation is done by a

overall picture of a small no.of people often times
,one persons does an
situation
Observation .

Cost Survey is cheaper Observation is expensive

Process Slow process Fast process

 SURVEY
METHODOLOGY

Self-adminstered

Telephone

Mail/Email
1
SELF-ADMINISTERED

• A self-administered questionnaire is a structured

form that consists of a series of closed-ended and
open-ended questions. It is called self-
administered as the respondents fill it in
themselves, without an interviewer.
• A self-administered questionnaire is a data
collection tool in which written questions are
presented that are to be answered by the
respondent in written form.
 ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES OF SELF-
ADMINISTERED

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
 Limitations of the questionnaire
 Considerable low cost
 Low response rate
 Ease in locating respondents  Inflexibility
 Saving of time  Verbal behaviour

 Respondents convenience  No control over the sequence

 No control over the environment
 Greater anonymity.
 High item non-response bias
 Ease in securing information
 2.hh
2 TELEPHONE
(interview)

• Some times it is possible to collect data through

telephone conversation.This methods is possible if the
researcher has complete directory of telephone
numberof population under study.It the respondents are
government officers, employees of private firm,
professional people such as doctors,lawyers,
accountants etc,then the Researcher have the option of
using this method.
 ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES

• ADVANTAGE • DISADVANTAGES
 Little time is given to respondents
 Less expensive
 Survey is restricted to respondents
 Less time consuming who have telephones
 Easy monitoring  Not suitable for intensive survey
where comprehensive answer are
 Flexible compare to mailing method required
 Faster then other methods  Bias information may be more
 No feild straff is required  Very difficult to make questionnaire
because it should short and to the
 Callbacks are simple and economical point
also
 MAILED OR E-MAIL

Under this method a list of questions is prepared and is sent to all the
informants by post .The list of questions is technically called
questionnaire. Covering letters accompanying the questionnaire explain
the purpose of the investigation and the importance of the current
informations and request the informants to fill in the blank spaces
provided and to return the form within a specified time.

The method is appropriate in those cases where the informants are literates
and are spread over a wide area.
 ADVANTAGES &
DISADVANTAGES OF
MAIL

ADVANTAGE • DISADVANTAGES
 It is relatively cheap  Not flexible
 It is preferable when the informates are spread
over the wide area.  Take longer to complete than telephone
or personal interview
 No interviews is involved to bias the
respondent's answer  Response rate is often very low
 Convenient for respondent's who can answer at Research has no control over who
their free time . answers
 Good way to reach people who often travel .
 E- mail
A email survey is one that sends the survey instrument
(e.g) questionnaire to a respondent via email and most
often samples respondents via email.These electronic
Add your title mail surveys first came into use in the late 1980s,and
many scholars at the time thought that they represented
the future of survey research.

If interviews or personal meeting is not possible ,then

an excellent way to collect primary data is Emails. If
you go to your promotions column in your Gmail,your
will find several questionnaires and feedback form
form being sent out to you by your banks or your
telecom network or any other such services.
 ADVANTAGE & DISADVANTAGES
OF EMAIL

Advantage
 Cost Effective • Disadvantages
 Ease of gathering data  Cannot use skip patterns
 Can be sent to many people  Inappropriate respondents replies cannot
in a few clicks be blocked
 More post - survey data cleaning required
 Customers have their own
time to respond  Email system maybbe limited
 Honest answers form the
customers.
 QUA MARKETING RESEARCH
NTIT DATA

ATIV
E
RES
Secondary data Primary data

EAR Qualitative data

Quantitative
data

CH
TOO Descriptive
Causal
L:
Observational and
Survey data other data Experimental data
 QUALITATIVE RESEARCH:
• Qualitative research is defined as a market research methid that
focuses on obtaining data through open- ended and
conversational communication.
• Qualitative research methods are designed in a manner that
help reveal the behaviour and perception of a target audience
with reference to a particular topic.
• Qualitative research is concerned with qualitative phenomena
or more specifically,the aspects related to involving qualityor
kind.
• Qualitative data analysis such as notes, videos,audio,
recordings images and text document . One of the most used
methods for qualitative data analysis is text analysis.
 QUANTITATIVE VS.
QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

Qualitative research • Quantitative research

Basis
1. To gain a qualitative
1. To quantify the data and
OBJECTIVE understanding of the generalize the results
underlying reasons and from the sample to the
Sample motivation. population of interest.
Data collection
2. Small number of non- 2. Large Number of
Data analysis resprentative cases representative cases
3. Unstructured 3. Structured
Outcomes
4. Non-statistical 4. Statistical
5. Develop an initial 5. Recommend a final
understanding course of action
 CLASSIFICATION OF QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PROCEDURES

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH PROCEDURES

DIRECT (non. DISGUISED)

Indirect (DISGUISED)

FOCUS GROUP DEPTH INTERVIEW PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES

ASSOCIATION COMPLETION CONSTRUCTION EXPRESSIVE

TECHNIQUES TECHNIQUES TECHNIQUES TECHNIQUES
FOCUS GROUPS
• A focus group is also one of the commonly used Qualitative Research
methods,uesd in data collection .A focus group usually includes a limited
number of respondents (6-10) from within your target market .
• The main aim of the focus group is ti find answers to the" why" "what"
and "how"questions.Nowdays focus group can be sent an online survey
on various devices and responses can be collected at the click of a
button. Focus groups are an expensive method as compared to the other
online Qualitative Research methods.
ADVANTAGES OR DISADVANTAGES
OF FOCUS GROUPS:
ADVANTAGES • DISADVANTAGES
 Security • Representative of the population
 Spontaneity • Subjective interpretation
 Stimulation • High cost-per-participant
 Synergism • Lack of generalizability
 Specialization • Strong personalities are a hazed
 Speed • Perfessional Respondents
DEPTH-INTERVIWES
• An in-depth interview is a qualitative
research method in which just one person
is interviewed, usually for 1.5 up to 2
hours.
• Also known as a ‘one-on-one’, there are
instances when a third individual may be
present, such as a client’s technical
expert, engineer, or product development
person who can probe and/or clarify
questions about specific subject matter.
ADVANTAGES OR DISADVANTAGES
OF DEPTH INTERVIEWS:
DISADVANTAGES :
• ADVANTAGES:
• Time Commitment
• In-Depth Insights
• Immediacy of Results • Randomness of Sample
• Pairs Well with • Difficult to find skilled
Quantitative Results interviewer
• Costly
TYPES OF PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES:

ASSOCIATION
TECHNIQUES

COMPLETION
TECHNIQUES

CONSTRUCTION
TECHNIQUES

EXPRESSIVE
TECHNIQUES
PROJECTIVE TECHNIQUES:

• An unstructured, indirect form of questioninthat

encourages respondents to project theirunderlying
motivations, beliefs, attitudes orfeelings regarding the issues
of concern.
• In projective techniques, respondents are asked to interpret
the behavior of others
• .In interpreting the behavior of others respondents
indirectly project their own motivations, beliefs, attitudes,
or feelings into the situation.
Thank
you!