Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 24 views

    Learning Outcomes: Model of Matter - Atoms and Molecules

    Uploaded by

    Shankara Lakshmi Ganapathy
    This document discusses the atomic model and structure of atoms and molecules. It is divided into multiple sections: 1. It introduces the atomic model, which describes atoms as electrically neutral entities composed of a positively charged nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by negatively charged electrons. 2. It explains that molecules are formed when two or more atoms are chemically bonded together. The chemical formula represents the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule. 3. It discusses how the atomic model has changed over time as new evidence was discovered. Scientists now know atoms are made up of even smaller particles called protons, neutrons and electrons within the nucleus.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Learning Outcomes: Model of Matter - Atoms and Molecules

    Uploaded by

    Shankara Lakshmi Ganapathy
    24 views46 pages
    This document discusses the atomic model and structure of atoms and molecules. It is divided into multiple sections: 1. It introduces the atomic model, which describes atoms as electrically neutral entities composed of a positively charged nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by negatively charged electrons. 2. It explains that molecules are formed when two or more atoms are chemically bonded together. The chemical formula represents the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule. 3. It discusses how the atomic model has changed over time as new evidence was discovered. Scientists now know atoms are made up of even smaller particles called protons, neutrons and electrons within the nucleus.

    Original Title

    AAS_Chapter_8_Slides

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document discusses the atomic model and structure of atoms and molecules. It is divided into multiple sections: 1. It introduces the atomic model, which describes atoms as electrically neutral entities composed of a positively charged nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by negatively charged electrons. 2. It explains that molecules are formed when two or more atoms are chemically bonded together. The chemical formula represents the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule. 3. It discusses how the atomic model has changed over time as new evidence was discovered. Scientists now know atoms are made up of even smaller particles called protons, neutrons and electrons within the nucleus.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    24 views46 pages

    Learning Outcomes: Model of Matter - Atoms and Molecules

    Uploaded by

    Shankara Lakshmi Ganapathy
    This document discusses the atomic model and structure of atoms and molecules. It is divided into multiple sections: 1. It introduces the atomic model, which describes atoms as electrically neutral entities composed of a positively charged nucleus of protons and neutrons surrounded by negatively charged electrons. 2. It explains that molecules are formed when two or more atoms are chemically bonded together. The chemical formula represents the types and numbers of atoms in a molecule. 3. It discusses how the atomic model has changed over time as new evidence was discovered. Scientists now know atoms are made up of even smaller particles called protons, neutrons and electrons within the nucleus.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    You are on page 1of 46

    Chapter

    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    Learning Outcomes
    • describe an atom as an electrically neutral entity
    made up of a positively charged nucleus (protons
    and neutrons) with negatively charged electrons
    moving around the nucleus
    • compare the relative size of an atom to other
    objects
    • show an awareness that atoms of an element have a
    unique number of protons
    • recognise that atoms have mass that is contributed
    by the mass of the nucleus

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    Learning Outcomes
    • show an understanding that a molecule is a group of
    two or more atoms chemically combined together
    • compare atoms and molecules
    • state the number and types of atoms, given the
    chemical formula of a compound (writing of
    chemical formula is not required)
    • show an appreciation of how in practice, models are
    constructed, justified and continuously revised as
    they are used to probe new phenomena and collect
    additional data

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    Learning Outcomes
    • show an appreciation of scientific attitudes such as
    creativity and open-mindedness in creating models
    to explain the fundamental nature of things and the
    willingness to re-examine existing models
    • show an awareness that technologies resulting
    from knowledge of the atom have created social
    and ethical issues, risks and costs

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    he a t om i c m o d el?
    What is t d e l
    a t om ic m o
    Why is the
    important? e a t om ic
    o w if th
    How do we kn a to m w ell?
    t s t h e
    model represen

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    What particles are found in matter?

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    How could a
    small amount of
    substance
    destroy an entire
    city?

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    8.1 What Kinds of Particles Make Up


    Matter?
    • All matter is made up of atoms.
    • An atom is the smallest unit of an element.
    • Gold is an element.
    • The smallest units in a piece of gold are atoms.
    A piece of gold metal is made up of many gold
    atoms.

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    How small are atoms?


     Atoms are so small that it
    is difficult to visualise their
    size.
     If an atom is enlarged to be
    the size of a marble, then a
    real marble would be
    about the size of the earth!

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    The size of an atom compared to other objects

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    How are atoms represented?


     Atoms can be represented as small spheres. Note
    that real atoms are not coloured.

    hydrogen oxygen carbon iron gold potassium

     Each atom has a symbol. The symbol for an atom is


    the same as the symbol for the element.
     Atoms can be represented by circles. The symbol for
    an atom may be written in a circle.

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    1. Write the symbols used to represent the following


    elements: helium, chlorine, magnesium, nitrogen,
    sulfur.
    2. Name the atoms that have the following symbols:
    Al, Br, Pb, Ag, Hg (refer to the Periodic Table on
    page 210 of the textbook).

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    Atoms in metals
    • Metals are made up of millions of atoms.
    • The atoms are arranged in a fixed pattern and are
    close together.

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    1. (a) What is an element? (b) Name at least five elements.


    2. What is an atom?
    3. State two ways in which atoms of one element differ
    from the atoms of another element.
    4. In this section, you have learnt about models of atoms.
    (a) Why are models important in science?
    (b) Describe some ways in which the model of an atom is
    different from the particulate model of matter in
    Chapter 7.

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    8.2 How Are Molecules Formed from


    Atoms?
    • The particulate model of matter represents all
    particles as small balls.
    • However, this model is too simple. Scientists have
    discovered that in some substances, there are more
    complex kinds of particles, called molecules.
    • In molecules, atoms are joined with other atoms to
    form small groups.
    • A molecule is a group of two or more atoms
    chemically joined together.
    • Most non-metal elements and some compounds are
    made up of molecules.
    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    How are molecules represented?


    • In order to represent atoms, we use symbols.
    Cl is the symbol for an atom of chlorine. The symbols
    for hydrogen and oxygen are H and O respectively.
    • In order to represent molecules, we use the chemical
    formula (or just formula) instead of the symbols.
    • The chemical formula of a molecule shows the
    number and types of atoms contained in it.
    • Molecules may also be represented by using circles
    together with the symbols for the atoms in the
    circles.

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    For each of the following formulae, infer the kind and


    number of atoms.
    (a) Nitrogen N2
    (b) Phosphorus P4
    (c) Carbon dioxide CO2
    (d) Ethanol C2H5OH
    (e) Glucose C6H12O6

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    Models of molecules
     Models can be used to represent elements and
    compounds.
     Some molecules are much larger than others.
    Models can help us visualise them better.
    • E.g. butane (C4H10) is found in Liquid Petroleum Gas
    (LPG), the gas we use for cooking. Each butane
    molecule has four carbon atoms and 10 hydrogen
    atoms.

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    • Chromosomes in nuclei of
    living cells consist of DNA,
    which are complex
    molecules containing
    millions of atoms.

    • Plastics are made of very


    long molecules with
    thousands of atoms in each
    molecule.

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    1. What is a molecule?
    2. Name some (a) elements and (b) compounds that
    consist of molecules.
    3. The chemical formula of sulfur dioxide is SO2. List all
    the information you can infer from this.

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    8.3 What Are Atoms Made Of?


    Changing the model of an atom
    •All matter is made up of atoms. The simplest model of
    an atom is a solid ball.
    •Scientists have discovered that atoms are not like
    solid balls. Atoms are made of even smaller particles.
    Hence, scientists developed a new model of an atom.
    •In science, when theories and models cannot agree
    with new observations, the models must be changed.

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    A new model of an atom


    • Scientists now know that atoms are made up of
    three smaller kinds of particles — protons, neutrons
    and electrons. These are sometimes called
    subatomic particles.
    • Most of the mass of an atom is found in the nucleus
    as protons and neutrons are much heavier than
    electrons.

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    A new model of an atom


    • Protons, which have a positive charge, are found
    only in the nucleus. Thus the nucleus is also
    positively charged.
    • The electrons, which move around the nucleus, have
    a negative charge.
    • An atom has equal numbers of protons and
    electrons, that is, the number of positive charges is
    equal to the number of negative charges.
    • Because of this, an atom is said to be electrically
    neutral, that is, it has no net charge.

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    Look at the model of the atom in Figure 8.6 of the


    textbook.
    (a) How many protons and neutrons does it consist of?
    (b) How many electrons are there?
    (c) Explain why this atom is electrically neutral.

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    How large is the nucleus of an atom?


    • If an atom were the size of a football stadium, the
    nucleus would be the size of a pea at the centre of
    the stadium.
    • The electrons would be moving rapidly around the
    stadium but would be too small to be seen.
    • Most of the atom is empty space.

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    How do atoms differ from one another?


    • Atoms differ from one another by the difference in
    the number of protons.
    • How do hydrogen atom and a helium atom differ?

    hydrogen helium

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    How do atoms differ from one another?


    Element Hydrogen Helium
    Number of 1 2
    protons
    Number of 1 2
    electrons
    Number of 0 2
    neutrons

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    Proton (atomic) number


    • The number of protons in an atom is called the
    proton number.
    • Scientists have arranged the elements in order of
    their proton numbers in the Periodic Table.

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    What is the proton number of uranium?


    How many protons and electrons will
    an atom of uranium have? You need to
    know this to solve the mystery.

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    Proton (atomic) number


    • Each element in the Periodic Table has its own
    proton number.
    • If the number of protons changes, then the element
    will change into another element.
    • E.g., If the number of protons in carbon atoms
    changes from 6 to 7, the black solid carbon would
    change into colourless nitrogen gas.

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    Proton (atomic) number

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    1. Name the three subatomic particles that make up


    atoms. Which subatomic particles
    (a) are found in the nucleus of an atom, and
    (b) move around the nucleus?
    2. Which is the simplest atom? Explain.
    3. Helium has a proton number of 2. What does this
    mean?

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    4. How are the elements in the Periodic Table


    arranged?
    5. Carbon, oxygen, magnesium, chlorine, iron and
    gold are some of the elements found in the
    Periodic Table.
    (a) What are the symbols for these elements?
    (b) What are the proton numbers for the atoms of
    these elements?

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    8.4 Atoms for Peace and for War


    • Science can not only be used to benefit society, but
    it can also cause harm.
    • The use of the element uranium
    is a good example of this. When
    a neutron hits a uranium atom,
    the nucleus splits into two pieces,
    and releases stored energy and
    more neutrons.
    • This discovery led to the
    development of an atomic bomb.

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    • The atomic bomb was developed during World War II


    by an international team of scientists in the United
    States of America.
    • Two atomic bombs were dropped on cities in Japan.
    The first was on Hiroshima and the second, a few
    days later, on Nagasaki.
    • The devastation that the
    bombs caused was
    tremendous.

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    • After the war, scientists learnt how the energy from


    uranium could be released slowly. This led to the
    use of nuclear energy to generate electricity in
    nuclear power stations.

    • Thus, the same atom that could be used for harmful


    purposes could also be used for peaceful purposes.

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    What are the particles produced when


    the nucleus splits? How can this create
    such a massive explosion?

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    Issues arising from the use of the atomic bomb


    • Scientific knowledge about the atom was used to
    build the destructive atomic bomb.
    • This raises social and ethical questions about the
    use of scientific knowledge:
    – Who decides how scientific knowledge is used?
    Should this knowledge be used for harmful
    purposes?
    – If scientists know of possible dangers of scientific
    knowledge, do they have a social and moral
    responsibility to inform the public?

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    Issues arising from the use of the atomic bomb


    • Scientists do not always know how their knowledge
    can be applied. In the case of the atomic bomb, they
    did know and did inform their governments (but
    not the public) about the dangers. However, the
    decision to build the bomb was taken by the
    government, not the scientists.
    • Hence, all of us are responsible for how scientific
    knowledge is used.
    • Scientists must make their knowledge available to
    all. Society must discuss how to use scientific
    knowledge wisely and in the best public interest.

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    Chapter Review

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    Chapter Review

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    Chapter Review

    THEME B: MODELS
    Chapter
    8 Model of Matter — Atoms and Molecules

    Chapter Review

    THEME B: MODELS

    You might also like

    pFad - Phonifier reborn

    Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

    Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


    Alternative Proxies:

    Alternative Proxy

    pFad Proxy

    pFad v3 Proxy

    pFad v4 Proxy