Merrill's First Principles of Instruction

Merrill’s
First Principles
of Instruction
M. David Merrill
✗ An education researcher specializing in
instructional design and technology
✗ Proponent of the First Principles

of Instruction
Merrill’s First Principles
of Instruction
✗ Merill's theory is based on the different ways that
learning can be facilitated.
✗ Each phase in the learning process has an important

role to play.
✗ The approach is task-centered.
✗ Involves "scaffolding", whereby learners are

gradually introduced to more complex ideas and
concepts as the lesson progresses.
The premise of Merrill’s first principles of
instruction is that there exists:
[…] a set of principles that can be found in most instructional

design theories and models and even though the terms used to
state these principles might differ between theorists, the
authors of these theories would agree that these principles are
necessary for effective and efficient instruction. (p44)
Merrill’s
Five Principles
✗ Learning is promoted when new knowledge
is demonstrated to the learner
✗ Learning is promoted when new knowledge is applied

by the learner
✗ Learning is promoted when existing knowledge [and skill]

is activated as a foundation for new knowledge [and skill]
✗ Learning is promoted when new knowledge is integrated
into the learner’s world
✗ Learning is promoted when learners are engaged

in solving real-world problems
Demonstrate
Learning is promoted when new
knowledge is demonstrated to the
learner
✗ Online learners are able to absorb the information more
effectively when they see a prime example.
✗ Demonstrations also allow them to identify areas of

improvement.
Apply
knowledge is applied by the
learner
✗ Online learners have to apply the information and skills
they've learned to get the full benefit of the eLearning
course.
✗ Based on the Merrill's Principles of Instruction, this comes

in the form of interactive problem-solving and task
performance.
✗ In eLearning, this may involve branching scenarios or
online group collaboration projects that are problem-
centered such as solving a case study mystery, or using
their skills to resolve conflicts.
Activate
Learning is promoted when
existing knowledge [and skill]
is activated as a foundation for
new knowledge [and skill]
✗ Acquiring the information isn't enough. Online learners
must also be able to link it to pre-existing knowledge and
mental schemata.
✗ In other words, to build on their current knowledge base,

which is also known as "scaffolding".
✗ Everything they’ve learned enhances the meaning and
relevancy of new ideas or concepts.
✗ There are a variety of ways to incorporate this principle

into your eLearning course design, such as adding real-
world examples, simulations, and stories that meld the old
with the new.
Integrate
knowledge is integrated into the
learner’s world
✗ This is where it gets personal. The integration principle
pertains to meaning and context.
✗ Online learners must have the chance to integrate their

newfound skills or knowledge into their daily lives.
✗ This may also involve knowledge manipulation.

✗ Integration also helps improve their motivation, as online
learners have the power to see how their online training
leads to real-world benefits.
Engage
Learning is promoted when
learners are engaged in solving
real-world problems
✗ One might say that this is the star principle. It involves
task-centric learning that encourages online learners to
engage with the eLearning content.
✗ They have to use everything they've learned to solve the

problem and connect it to real-world applications.
✗ Online learners have the opportunity to explore all facets of

the problem and then brainstorm possible solutions.
✗ The key is to engage and motivate online learners so that
they play an active role in the learning process, instead of
sitting idly by while the information is presented.
✗ The principle of engagement also stipulates that the

difficulty level must align with learners' needs and past
experiences.
Applying Merrill's
Principles Of
Instruction In
eLearning
A crucial element that should never be overlooked is timely
eLearning feedback. Online learners should be able to identify
areas of improvement so that they can more effectively
problem-solve in real-world environments.
Thus, online instructors and facilitators must provide
constructive criticism and highlight skills or information that
require further attention, as well as recommend supplemental
online training materials to broaden their understanding.
For example, ask online learners to participate in eLearning
scenarios or simulations. Then offer immediate eLearning
feedback based on their performance. These interventions
allow them to improve their performance behaviors so that
they avoid the same mistakes in the future.
“Often glitz, animation, multimedia and
games are justified as motivational
elements of an instructional product.
However, for the most part, these aspects
have a temporary effect on
motivation. The real motivation for
learners is learning.”
Sources
✗ http://instructionaldesign.io/toolkit/merrill/
✗ https://elearningindustry.com/merrills-principles-instr
uction-definitive-guide/
Group 4
Layague, Christian Janus
M.
Noval, Aljay C.
Pascual, Clydel D.
Sapio, Ma. Crystal Jane B.
Tradio, Elmer B.
Villafuerte, Ken Paul C.

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Merrill’s

✗ Proponent of the First Principles

✗ Each phase in the learning process has an important

✗ The approach is task-centered.

✗ Involves "scaffolding", whereby learners are

[…] a set of principles that can be found in most instructional

✗ Learning is promoted when new knowledge is applied

✗ Learning is promoted when existing knowledge [and skill]

✗ Learning is promoted when learners are engaged

✗ Demonstrations also allow them to identify areas of

✗ Based on the Merrill's Principles of Instruction, this comes

✗ In other words, to build on their current knowledge base,

✗ There are a variety of ways to incorporate this principle

✗ Online learners must have the chance to integrate their

✗ This may also involve knowledge manipulation.

✗ They have to use everything they've learned to solve the

✗ Online learners have the opportunity to explore all facets of

✗ The principle of engagement also stipulates that the

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