SISTEM SARAF

OTONOM
 Nervous System
• Central Nervous System (CNS)
• Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)
– Somatic Nervous System
– Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
• Parasympathetic division
• Sympathetic division

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 Autonomic sensory neurons
• Associated with interoceptors (sensory receptors) located in
blood vessels, visceral organs, muscles & nervous system
– Chemoreceptors : monitor blood CO2 level
– Mechanoreceptors : detect degree of stretch in walls of
organs or blood vessels
• Sensory signals are not consciously perceived but intense
activation of interoceptors may produce conscious sensations
– pain sensations from damaged viscera and angina pectoris
(chest pain) from inadequate blood flow to the heart
• Somatic sensory & special sensory neurons can influences ANS
– Eg : somatic pain can produce dramatic changes in some
autonomic activities
 Autonomic motor neurons
• Regulate visceral activities by increasing (exciting) or
decreasing (inhibiting) ongoing activities in their effector
tissues (cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands
• Autonomic motor responses
– Changes in diameter of pupils, dilation and constriction of
blood vessels, and adjustment of rate and force of
heartbeat
• Tissues innervated by ANS often function to some extent even
if their nerve supply is damaged
– heart continues to beat when it is removed for
transplantation
– smooth muscle in GIT contracts rhythmically on its own
– glands produce some secretions in absence of ANS control
• Most autonomic responses cannot be consciously
altered
– You cannot voluntarily slow your heartbeat
• Some autonomic responses are the basis for
polygraph (“lie detector”) tests
• Yoga practitioners/meditation may learn how to
regulate at least some of their autonomic
activities through long practice
• Biofeedback, in which monitoring devices display
information about a body function such as heart
rate or blood pressure, enhances the ability to
learn such conscious control
• Signals from the general somatic and special
senses, acting via the limbic system, also
influence responses of autonomic motor
neurons
– Seeing a bike about to hit you, hearing squealing
brakes of a nearby car, or being grabbed by an
attacker would all increase rate and force of your
heartbeat.
 Comparison of somatic nervous system & ANS
Somatic division Autonomic system
– Cell bodies of motor • chains of two motor neurons
neurons reside in CNS – 1st = preganglionic neuron (in
(brain or spinal cord) brain or cord)
– Their axons (sheathed in – 2nd = ganglionic/postganglionic
spinal nerves) extend all neuron (cell body in ganglion
the way to their skeletal outside CNS)
muscles – Slower because lightly or
– Sensory input : Somatic unmyelinated
& special senses • Sensory input : interoceptors
– Neurotransmitter : Ach
– Effector : skeletal muscle • Neurotransmitter : Ach, NE
– Control : cerebral cortex • Effector : smooth muscle,
cardiac muscle, glands
• Control : hipothalamus,
limbic system, brain stem,
and spinal cord
• Axon neuron pertama (preganglionic)
meninggalkan CNS untuk bersinaps dengan
neuron kedua (postganglionic)
• Axon neuron kedua (postganglionic)
menuju organ yang dipersarafinya
Diagram contrasts somatic (lower) and autonomic:

autonomic
this dorsal
root ganglion
is sensory

somatic

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 DIVISI ANS
• Parasympathetic division
– routine maintenance “rest &digest”
• Sympathetic division
– mobilization & increased metabolism “fight, flight
or fright” or “fight, flight or freeze”
• Serve most of the same organs but cause
opposing or antagonistic effects

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 Where they come from

Parasympa Sympathetic:
thetic: thoracolumbar
craniosacral

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 Parasympathetic nervous system
“rest & digest”
• Disebut jg system craniosacral karena semua
neuron preganglionicnya terdapat di batang
otak atau segmen sacral medula spinalis
– Cranial nerves III,VII, IX and X
– In lateral horn of gray matter from S2-S4
• Hanya inervasi organ internal (kulit tidak)
• preganglionic fibers panjang dan postganglionic
fibers pendek
• Neurotransmitter pada neuron preganglion dan
postganglion adalah Acetylcholine :
“cholinergic”
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• Cranial outflow
– III - Ciliary ganglion : pupils constrict
– VII - Pterygopalatine ganglion, Submandibular ganglion : tears,
nasal mucus, saliva
– IX – Otic ganglion : parotid salivary gland
– X (Vagus n) – visceral organs of thorax & abdomen:
• Stimulates digestive glands
• Increases motility of smooth muscle of digestive tract
• Decreases heart rate
• Causes bronchial constriction
• Sacral outflow (S2-4): form pelvic splanchnic nerves
– Supply 2nd half of large intestine
– Supply all the pelvic (genitourinary) organs
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 FUNCTIONS
• Constriction of pupils
• Secretion by digestive glands (salivary glands, gastric glands,
duodenal glands, intestinal glands, pancreas, and liver)
• smooth muscle activity along digestive tract
• stimulation and coordination of defecation
• Contraction of the urinary bladder during urination
• Constriction of respiratory passageways
• A reduction in heart rate and in force of contraction
• Sexual arousal and stimulation of sexual glands in both
genders

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 Sympathetic nervous system
“fight, flight or fright”

• system thoracolumbar : semua neuron terdapat di

lateral horn of gray matter from T1-L2
• Preganglionic fibers pendek, postganglionic fibers
panjang kecuali di medula adrenal
• Neurotransmitter
– Neuron preganglionic : acetylcholine,
– Neuron postganglionic :
Norepinephrine/noradrenaline : “adrenergic”

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 Neuron postganglionic
• Sympathetic trunk ganglia/paravertebral ganglia /lateral
ganglia, lie on both sides of vertebral column
• Collateral ganglia/prevertebral ganglia, anterior to vertebral
bodies
• adrenal medullae:
– modified sympathetic ganglion
– have very short axons; neurotransmitters function as hormones
that affect target cells throughout body

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 Sympathetic chain ganglia/paravertebral ganglia

Control effectors in body wall, and in head and

limbs inside thoracic cavity
• Superior cervical ganglion: Head & heart
• Middle cervical ganglion: Heart
• Inferior cervical ganglion: Heart

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 Collateral ganglia/prevertebral ganglia
Innervates tissues and organs in the abdomino
pelvic cavity
• Celiac ganglion: stomach,spleen, liver, kidney,
small Intestine
• Superior mesenteric ganglion: small intestine &
colon
• Inferior mesenteric ganglion:distal colon,
rectum, urinary bladder,genital organs
• Aorticorenal and renal ganglion : renal artery of
each kidney

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 adrenal medullae
• Adrenal gland on top of kidneys is exception
• Adrenal medulla (inside part) is a major organ of
sympathetic nervous system
• Synapse in gland
• Can cause body-wide release of adrenaline and
noradrenaline in an extreme emergency
(adrenaline “rush” or surge)
• When stimulated, release their neurotransmitters
into the bloodstream.

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 Fungsi
• Dilatasi pupil
• Denyut jantung, kekuatan kontraksi dan tekanan
darah meningkat
• Dilatasi saluran pernapasan
• Konstriksi pembuluh darah ginjal dan GIT -> formasi
urin dan aktivitas saluran cerna melambat
• Dilatasi pembuluh darah ke otot skelet, otot jantung,
hepar, dan jaringan adiposa -> aliran darah meningkat.
• Glikogenolisis di hepar -> glukosa darah meningkat
• Lipolisis jaringan adiposa

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Parasympathetic (rest & digest) Sympathetic (fight & flight)

“SLUDD” “E situations”

Salivation Exercise
Lacrimation Emergency
Urination Excitement
Digestion Embarrassment
Defecation
 Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Distribution Widespread (sweat Limited (viscera &
glands, arrector pili some blood vessels)
muscles, blood
vessels)
Outflow from CNS Thoracolumbar (T1- Craniosacral (Nerves
L2) III, VII, IX, X, S2-S4)
Location of Paravertebral & Terminal ganglia
ganglia prevertebral
Close to CNS Close/within viscera
Divergence Pre-ganglionic  >20 Pre-ganglionic  4-5
post-ganglionic  post-ganglionic 
many effectors single effectors
Pre-ganglionic ACh ACh
neurotransmitters

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 Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Post-ganglionic NE (mostly) or ACh ACh
neurotransmitters (sweat glands, blood
vessels to skeletal
muscles)
Deactivation of Slow (by COMT or Rapid (ACh-
neurotransmitters MAO) esterase)

Physiological Fight-or-flight Rest-and-digest

effects

COMT = Catechol-O-MethylTransferase
MAO = Mono Amin Oksidase

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 Autonomic Plexuses
• Axons of sympathetic & parasympathetic
neurons in thorax, abdomen & pelvis form
networks called autonomic plexuses
• Lie along major arteries, often are named
after artery along which they are distributed
• Also contain sympathetic ganglia and axons of
autonomic sensory neurons
• Dual innervation : opposing effects
• Cardiac plexus : supplies heart
• Pulmonary plexus : supplies bronchial tree
• Celiac plexus : the largest autonomic plexus and
surrounds the celiac trunk. Supplies stomach, spleen,
pancreas, liver, gallbladder, and adrenal medullae
• Superior mesenteric plexus : supplies small intestine and
proximal colon
• Inferior mesenteric plexus : supplies distal colon and
rectum
• Hypogastric plexus : supply urinary bladder and genital
organs
• Renal plexus : supplies renal arteries within the kidneys
and ureters.
 NEUROTRANSMITTERS & RECEPTORS
• Cholinergic Neurons & Receptors
– Nicotinic receptors (post-ganglionic neurons, motor end plate) :
excitation of the ganglionic neuron or muscle fiber
– Muscarinic receptors (effectors: smooth muscle, cardiac muscle,
glands, sweat glands, skeletal muscle blood vessel) : produces
longer-lasting effects than stimulation of nicotinic receptors
• Adrenergic Neurons & Receptors
– 1 – excitation (Smooth muscle fibers in blood vessels that serve
salivary glands, skin, mucosal ; Salivary gland cells;
– 2 – inhibition (Smooth muscle fibers in blood vessels, pancreas)
– 1 – excitation (cardiac, kidney)
– 2 – inhibition (Smooth muscle in walls of airways; in blood
vessels that serve the heart; Ciliary muscle in eye)
– 3 - brown adipose tissue (thermogenesis)

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 Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Glands
Adrenal medulla Secretion of NE/ E -
(Nicotinic)
Lacrimal Secretion () Secretion
Pancreas Inhibit digestive Secretion of digestive
enzymes & insulin enzymes & insulin
(2); Secretion of
glucagon (2)
Posterior pituitary Secretion of ADH (1) -
Pineal Secretion of melatonin -
()
Sweat Increase (muscarinic -
& 1)
Adipose tissue Lipolysis (1), release -
(1 & 3)
 Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Glands
Liver Glycogenolysis, Glycogen synthesis,
gluconeogenesis, increased bile secretion
inhibit bile secretion
Kidney, Secretion of renin (1) -
juxtaglomerular
cell

Cardiac muscle Increased heart rate, Decreased heart rate,

atrial & ventricular atrial contraction
contraction (1)
 Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Smooth muscle
Iris, radial muscle Dilation of pupil -
Iris, circular - Constriction of pupil
muscle
Ciliary muscle Relaxation - distant Contraction – close
(eye) vision (2) vision

Lungs, bronchus Dilation (2) Constriction

Gall bladder and Relaxation (2) Contraction/ release of
ducts bile

Stomach, Decreased motility Increased motility;

intestine (1, 2, 2); sphincter sphincter relaxation
contraction (1)
 Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Smooth muscle
Spleen Contraction, secretion -
of blood (1)
Ureter Increase motility (1) -
Urinary bladder Wall relaxation (2); Wall contraction;
sphincter contraction sphincter relaxation
(1)
Uterus Inhibit contraction (non- Minimal effect
pregnant, 2), promote
contraction (pregnant,
1)
Sex organs Smooth muscle Vasodilation, erection
contraction, prostate
ejaculation
 Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Smooth muscle
Hair follicles, Erection of hairs -
arrector pili
muscle
Vascular smooth
muscle-arterioles
Salivary gland Constriction, decrease Dilation, increase K+ &
secretion (1) water
Gastric gland Constriction, decrease Gastric secretion
secretion (1)
Intestinal gland Constriction, decrease Intestinal secretion
secretion (1)
Coronary arteriole Dilation (2), Constriction
Constriction (1, 2,
muscarinic
 Sympathetic Parasympathetic
Vascular smooth
muscle -arterioles
Skin & mucosa Constriction Dilation
Skeletal muscle Constriction (1), -
dilation (2 &
muscarinic)
Abdominal Constriction (1, 2) -
viscera
Brain Constriction (1) -
Kidney Decreased urine (1) -
Systemic veins Constriction (1), -
Dilation (2)
 AUTONOMIC REFLEXES

• Responses that occur when nerve impulses pass

through an autonomic reflex arc.
• Blood pressure, heart rate, ventricular contraction,
blood vessel diameter, digestion (motility of GIT),
defecation, urination

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Autonomic reflex arc
Receptor  Sensory neuron  Integrating center
(hypothalamus, brain stem, spinal cord)  Motor neurons 
Effector

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AUTONOMIC CONTROL

Autonomic tone : balance between

sympathetic and parasympathetic activity,
regulated by hypothalamus
• Sympathetic (posterior & lateral parts of
hypothalamus)
• Parasympathetic (anterior & medial parts
of hypothalamus)
 Summary

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 Terima kasih.....

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