Scribd
Upload
36 views18 pages

Computer Architecture and Networks: Number System

This document provides an overview of different number systems used in computers including binary, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal. It discusses how each system uses a different base or radix and how the position of each digit determines its value. Conversion between binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal is explained along with arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction in binary. ASCII and extended ASCII codes for alphanumeric characters are also presented.

Uploaded by

Salil Timalsina
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
36 views18 pages

Computer Architecture and Networks: Number System

This document provides an overview of different number systems used in computers including binary, decimal, octal, and hexadecimal. It discusses how each system uses a different base or radix and how the position of each digit determines its value. Conversion between binary, decimal, octal and hexadecimal is explained along with arithmetic operations like addition and subtraction in binary. ASCII and extended ASCII codes for alphanumeric characters are also presented.

Uploaded by

Salil Timalsina
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 18

Computer Architecture and Networks

Number System
Bijay Babu Regmi
stw0010@softwarica.edu.np
Number System
A computer can understand the positional number system where there are only a few symbols called digits and these
symbols represent different values depending on the position they occupy in the number.

The value of each digit in a number can be determined using −


● The digit
● The position of the digit in the number
● The base of the number system (where the base is defined as the total number of digits available in the
number system)
Decimal Number
● use in our day-to-day life
● base 10 as it uses 10 digits from 0 to 9
● successive positions to the left of the decimal point represent units, tens, hundreds, thousands, and so on
● position represents a specific power of the base (10)
● Ex: (1 x 1000)+ (2 x 100)+ (3 x 10)+ (4 x l)

(1 x 10^3)+ (2 x 10^2)+ (3 x 10^1)+ (4 x l0^0)

1000 + 200 + 30 + 4

1234
Binary Number
Characteristics of the binary number system are as follows −
● Uses two digits, 0 and 1
● Also called as base 2 number system
● Each position in a binary number represents a 0 power of the base (2). Example 2 0
● Last position in a binary number represents a x power of the base (2). Example 2 x where x represents the
last position - 1.
● For fractional binary numbers, the column weights are negative powers of two that decrease from left to right
…..22 21 20 .2-1 2-2 2-3 …..

Binary Number: 101012


Calculating Decimal Equivalent −
((1 x 24) + (0 x 23) + (1 x 22) + (0 x 21) + (1 x 20))10

(16 + 0 + 4 + 0 + 1)10

(21)10
Contd...
● Fractional values are represented with negative powers of radix

Ex: 1001.101

1*23 + 0*22 + 0*21 + 0*20 + 1*2-1 + 0*2-2 + 1*2-3

(9.625)10
Prefixes for Binary Multiples
Conversion Between Binary and Decimal
Octal Number
Characteristics of the octal number system are as follows −
● Uses eight digits, 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7
● Also called as base 8 number system
● Each position in an octal number represents a 0 power of the base (8). Example 80
● Last position in an octal number represents a x power of the base (8). Example 8x where x represents the last
position - 1

Ex: Octal Number: 125708

Calculating Decimal equivalent

((1 x 84) + (2 x 83) + (5 x 82) + (7 x 81) + (0 x 80))10

(4096 + 1024 + 320 + 56 + 0)10

5449610
Hexadecimal Number System
Characteristics of hexadecimal number system are as follows −

● Uses 10 digits and 6 letters, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, A, B, C, D, E, F


● Letters represent the numbers starting from 10. A = 10. B = 11, C = 12, D = 13, E = 14, F = 15
● Also called as base 16 number system
● Each position in a hexadecimal number represents a 0 power of the base (16). Example, 160
● Last position in a hexadecimal number represents a x power of the base (16). Example 16x where x
represents the last position - 1

Ex: Hexadecimal Number: 19FDE16

Calculating Decimal Equivalent :


((1 x 164) + (9 x 163) + (F x 162) + (D x 161) + (E x 160))10

((1 x 164) + (9 x 163) + (15 x 162) + (13 x 161) + (14 x 160))10

(65536+ 36864 + 3840 + 208 + 14)10

10646210
BCD (Binary Coded Decimal)
● digital data is represented, stored and transmitted as group of binary bits
● This group is also called as binary code.
● binary code is represented by the number as well as alphanumeric letter.

Advantages of Binary Code


● Binary codes are suitable for the computer applications.
● Binary codes are suitable for the digital communications.
● Binary codes make the analysis and designing of digital circuits if we use
the binary codes.
● Since only 0 & 1 are being used, implementation becomes easy.
IRA (International Reference Alphabet) or ASCII
● ASCII is a code for alphanumeric characters and control characters.
● stands for American Standard Code for Information Interchange
● There are 128 standard ASCII codes, each of which can be represented by a 7-digit binary number: 0000000
through 1111111.
● The first 32 characters are control characters, that are based on obsolete teletype requirements, so these
characters are generally assigned to other functions in modern usage.
● In 1981, IBM introduced extended ASCII, which is an 8-bit code and increased the character set to 256.
● Other extended sets (such as Unicode) have been introduced to handle characters in languages other than
English.
ASCII Table
Extended ASCII Table
Binary Addition
Binary Subtraction
The rules for Binary Subtraction are:
Exercise
● Perform the following arithmetic operations:
1. 110112 + 100102
2. 100110012 + 110011002
3. What is your name converted in ASCII?
References

Computer Organization and Architecture – Designing for Performance (10th Edition),


William Stallings

Digital Fundamentals (11th Edition), Thomas L. Floyd

You might also like

pFad - Phonifier reborn

Pfad - The Proxy pFad of © 2024 Garber Painting. All rights reserved.

Note: This service is not intended for secure transactions such as banking, social media, email, or purchasing. Use at your own risk. We assume no liability whatsoever for broken pages.


Alternative Proxies:

Alternative Proxy

pFad Proxy

pFad v3 Proxy

pFad v4 Proxy