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    Structure and Function of Muscle: ANSC 3404

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    Lalit Narayana
    1. Muscle contraction begins with a nerve impulse that triggers the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, transmitting an action potential along the muscle fiber. 2. The action potential causes calcium to release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm. 3. Calcium binds to troponin, exposing actin binding sites for myosin to form cross-bridges using ATP as an energy source, sliding the filaments and contracting the sarcomere. 4. Relaxation occurs when acetylcholinesterase neutralizes acetylcholine, the calcium pump returns calcium to the sarcoplasmic

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    Structure and Function of Muscle: ANSC 3404

    Uploaded by

    Lalit Narayana
    38 views64 pages
    1. Muscle contraction begins with a nerve impulse that triggers the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, transmitting an action potential along the muscle fiber. 2. The action potential causes calcium to release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm. 3. Calcium binds to troponin, exposing actin binding sites for myosin to form cross-bridges using ATP as an energy source, sliding the filaments and contracting the sarcomere. 4. Relaxation occurs when acetylcholinesterase neutralizes acetylcholine, the calcium pump returns calcium to the sarcoplasmic

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    1. Muscle contraction begins with a nerve impulse that triggers the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, transmitting an action potential along the muscle fiber. 2. The action potential causes calcium to release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm. 3. Calcium binds to troponin, exposing actin binding sites for myosin to form cross-bridges using ATP as an energy source, sliding the filaments and contracting the sarcomere. 4. Relaxation occurs when acetylcholinesterase neutralizes acetylcholine, the calcium pump returns calcium to the sarcoplasmic

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    38 views64 pages

    Structure and Function of Muscle: ANSC 3404

    Uploaded by

    Lalit Narayana
    1. Muscle contraction begins with a nerve impulse that triggers the release of acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction, transmitting an action potential along the muscle fiber. 2. The action potential causes calcium to release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum into the sarcoplasm. 3. Calcium binds to troponin, exposing actin binding sites for myosin to form cross-bridges using ATP as an energy source, sliding the filaments and contracting the sarcomere. 4. Relaxation occurs when acetylcholinesterase neutralizes acetylcholine, the calcium pump returns calcium to the sarcoplasmic

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    of 64

    Structure and Function of Muscle

    ANSC 3404

    Objectives: Study the structures of muscle and the mechanism of muscle


    contraction.
    Muscle Types
    SKELETAL SMOOTH CARDIAC
    METHOD OF CONTROL VOLUNTARY INVOLUNTARY INVOLUNTARY
    BANDING PATTERN STRIATED NON-STRIATED STRIATED
    NUCLEI/CELL MULTI SINGLE SINGLE
    Cardiac Muscle
    Smooth Muscle
    Skeletal Muscle
    Muscle Cross Sections Showing Bundles of
    Myofibers

    FAT CELL

    BLOOD VESSEL
    Cross Section of Muscle Fibers

    NUCLEI
    Myofiber
    Red and White Fibers in Muscle
    Fiber types
    The Blood Supply for Myofibers
    Connective Tissues
    Position of Mysiums in Muscle
    Perimysium

    Epimysium

    Endomysium

    ENDO = within
    PERI = around
    EPI = upon
    • Endomysium from
    muscle not aged

    • Endomysium after
    cooler aging (28 D
    At 4oC)
    The Sarcoplasmic Reticulum
    • Sarcoplasmic reticulum
    – T-tubule

    • Calcium Storage

    • Required for contraction


    Structure of Muscle
    Structure of Muscle (Cont)
    Sarcomere
    • Functional unit of a muscle

    • Runs from z-line to z-line


    – Actin
    – Myosin
    Myosin Filament
    Actin Filament
    Muscle Structure
    Critical Contractile Proteins
    REVIEW
    Fat Structures
    A ADIPOCYTE
    D
    I
    P
    O
    S
    E

    T
    BLOOD VESSEL
    I
    S ADIPOCYTES
    S
    U
    E
    Fat Layers and Depots

    I.F. = Inter-fasicular or
    intramucular (marbling)

    I.M. = Intermuscular
    (seam fat)

    PR. = Perinephric or Peri-


    renal (fat around the
    kidneys)
    FAT CELLS

    Adipoblasts develop at widely varying rates


    in different parts of the body.
    Adipogenesis
    • Adipoblasts
    – 20 microns in diameter

    • Adipocytes
    – 120 micron in diameter
    – 300 micron in obese

    • Cellular make-up
    – 95% of cytoplasm is lipid
    – Remainder primarily nucleus
    A
    D
    I
    P
    O
    C
    Y
    T
    E
    HOW ARE Adipose cells
    ADIPOCYTES begin to
    accumulate
    FORMED?

    ONCE RECRUITED & FILLED, AN


    ADIPOCYTE IS EASIER TO FILL AGAIN
    THAN IF NOT FILLED BEFORE

    When filled with lipid, it is a


    mature adipocyte
    Muscle Contraction
    Introduction
    • Overall structure of muscle is designed for
    contraction and relaxation, which leads to
    movement and locomotion.
    • The ability to contract and relax is lost during
    the transformation of muscle to meat.
    • Events surrounding this conversion greatly
    impact meat palatability
    Introduction
    • The biochemical processes that provide energy
    to the living muscle cause the accumulation of
    metabolites during harvest
    – Affects color, WHC, pH, others
    • An understanding of muscle contraction is
    necessary to understand these processes
    Contraction
    • Begins with stimuli that arrive at the surface of
    the muscle fiber at the sarcolemma
    • Nerve impulse starts in the brain and is
    transmitted via nerves to the muscle
    Transmembrane Potentials
    • Under resting conditions, an electric potential
    exists between the inside and outside of the
    cell
    – Fluids inside are negative
    – Fluids outside are positive
    – Results in a resting membrane potential
    Transmembrane Potentials
    • Extracellular – Na+ and Cl-
    • Intracellular – K+ and A-
    • Na+ and K+ gradient maintained by a sodium-
    potassium pump.
    Action Potential

    • Transmits electric impulse to muscle


    • Travels along the membrane surface of the nerve
    fiber by depolarization
    – Initiated by a dramatic increase in the permeability of
    Na+
    – Na+ rushes into cell to establish equilibrium;
    however K+ stays in cell causing a change in the net
    charge inside the cell to positive
    • Lasts only a millisecond (0.5 to 1 millisecond) before the
    permeability to Na+ is changed to resting state
    Myoneural Junction
    • Action potential is not strong enough to elicit a
    response alone
    • Uses a chemical transmitter called
    acetylcholine to be released.
    – Acetylcholinesterase is quickly released to
    neutralize the acetylcholine
    Muscle Action Potentials
    • Same as the action potential for nerve fibers
    • Communicated to the inner muscle cell via the
    T-tubule system
    – Action potential transverse a muscle fiber via the t-
    tubules and are ultimately responsible for the
    release of calcium from the SR
    Sarcomere - Basic contractile unit of the
    muscle

    1. Myosin
    2. Actin
    a) Tropomyosin
    b) Troponin
    3. Z lines
    Elements required for muscle contraction and
    relaxation

    1. Acetylcholine and Acetylcholinesterase


    2. Calcium
    3. Adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP)
    a) Derived from aerobic and anaerobic
    metabolism
    Sources of Energy for Muscle
    Contraction and Relaxation
    Energy
    • Aerobic
    – Glycolysis
    – TCA cycle
    – Electron transport chain
    • Anerobic
    – Excess Hydrogen is used to reduce pyruvic
    acid to lactic acid, which permits glycolysis to
    proceed at a rapid rate
    – Easily fatigued
    Contraction Phase
    1. Nerve pulse/impulse transmitted through
    action potential

    2. Acetylcholine is released at neural juncture

    3. Action potential transmitted to muscle fiber
    via the T-tubles to the sarcoplasmic reticulum
    (SR)
    Contraction phase
    4. Calcium is released from SR into
    sarcoplasm

    5. Calcium binds to troponin

    6. ATP is hydrolyzed (burned)

    7. Energy causes a shift in tropomyosin and
    actin binding site is exposed
    Contraction phase
    8. Actin-myosin cross bridge forms (cross
    bridge is termed actomyosin)

    9. ATP hydrolyzed

    10. Myosin head rotates

    11. Repeated over and over; filaments slide
    causing shortening of sarcomere
    Contraction
    ACTIN MYOSIN

    A sarcomere contracting

    Notice that neither filament


    changes length
    http://www.unmc.edu/Physiology/Mann/
    mann14.html
    http://www.blackwellpublishing.com/matt
    hews/myosin.html
    http://entochem.tamu.edu/musclestruccon
    tractswf/index.html
    Relaxation phase
    1. Acetylcholinesterase is released (neutralizes
    acetylcholine)

    2. Calcium pump activated by SR to sequester
    calcium

    3. Actin-myosin cross bridge terminated

    4. Tropomyosin shifts covering the binding site
    on actin
    Relaxation phase

    5. Passive sliding of filaments



    6. Sarcomere returns to resting state
    Be Able To:
    • Draw a sarcomere showing:
    Myosin
    Actin
    Z Line
    A Band
    I Band
    H Zone
    M Line
    • Explain how a muscle contracts and relaxes
    – starting with a nerve impulse and including the SR role
    • Explain the role of ATP in muscle contraction and relaxation
    •(See p.889-900 In The Meat We Eat)

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