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    The Course of Synoptic Meteorology

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    Serkan Sancak
    The document describes the polar front theory of mid-latitude cyclone development in 6 steps: 1) A frontal wave forms along a stationary front with warm air to the south and cold air to the north. 2) Under the right conditions, the front develops a wavelike kink. 3) Within 12-24 hours the system becomes a fully developed open wave with a cold front and warm front. 4) The low deepens with tighter isobars and stronger cyclonic winds swirling inward toward the center. 5) The cold front overtakes the warm front, squeezing the warm sector and intensifying the storm. 6) The storm dissipates as cold air surrounds it,

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    The Course of Synoptic Meteorology

    Uploaded by

    Serkan Sancak
    31 views14 pages
    The document describes the polar front theory of mid-latitude cyclone development in 6 steps: 1) A frontal wave forms along a stationary front with warm air to the south and cold air to the north. 2) Under the right conditions, the front develops a wavelike kink. 3) Within 12-24 hours the system becomes a fully developed open wave with a cold front and warm front. 4) The low deepens with tighter isobars and stronger cyclonic winds swirling inward toward the center. 5) The cold front overtakes the warm front, squeezing the warm sector and intensifying the storm. 6) The storm dissipates as cold air surrounds it,

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    The document describes the polar front theory of mid-latitude cyclone development in 6 steps: 1) A frontal wave forms along a stationary front with warm air to the south and cold air to the north. 2) Under the right conditions, the front develops a wavelike kink. 3) Within 12-24 hours the system becomes a fully developed open wave with a cold front and warm front. 4) The low deepens with tighter isobars and stronger cyclonic winds swirling inward toward the center. 5) The cold front overtakes the warm front, squeezing the warm sector and intensifying the storm. 6) The storm dissipates as cold air surrounds it,

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    31 views14 pages

    The Course of Synoptic Meteorology

    Uploaded by

    Serkan Sancak
    The document describes the polar front theory of mid-latitude cyclone development in 6 steps: 1) A frontal wave forms along a stationary front with warm air to the south and cold air to the north. 2) Under the right conditions, the front develops a wavelike kink. 3) Within 12-24 hours the system becomes a fully developed open wave with a cold front and warm front. 4) The low deepens with tighter isobars and stronger cyclonic winds swirling inward toward the center. 5) The cold front overtakes the warm front, squeezing the warm sector and intensifying the storm. 6) The storm dissipates as cold air surrounds it,

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    The Course of Synoptic Meteorology

    Lecture 5
    AL-MUSTANSIRIYAH UNIVERSITY
    COLLEGE OF SCIENCES
    ATMOSPHERIC SCIENCES DEPARTMENT
    2018-2019 
    Dr. Sama Khalid Mohammed
    SECOND STAGE
    Welcome Students In The Sixth Lecture 
    Polar Front Theory
    • Developed by Norwegian scientists (Bjerknes, Solberg, Bergeron)
    • Published shortly after WW I
    • Polar front theory of a developing wave cyclone
    • Working model of how a mid-latitude cyclone progresses through
    stages of birth, growth, decay.
    • Today the work has been modified to serve as a convenient way to
    describe the structure and weather associated with migratory storm
    systems.
    (a) (b) (c)

    (d) (e) (f)


    Step One

    HINT: if you place a pen


    between the palms of
    your hands and move
    your left hand toward
    your body; the pen turns
    counterclockwise,
    cyclonically.

    A segment of the polar front as a stationary front. (Trough of low pressure with
    higher pressure on both sides. Cold air to the North, warm air to the south.
    Parallel flow along the front. This type of flow sets up a cyclonic wind shear.
    Wind shear is a change in wind speed and/or direction over a short distance
    (either horizontally or vertically) and is most often associated with strong
    temperature inversions or density gradients. Wind shear can occur at high or
    low altitude. For low latitude, the low-level wind shear occur when the
    temperature difference across the front at the surface is (5oC) or more, and the
    front is moving at a speed of at least 30 knots
    Step Two

    Under the right conditions a wavelike kink (turn) forms on the front. The
    wave that forms is known as a frontal wave. Wave cyclone – an extratropical
    cyclone that forms and moves along a front. The circulation of winds about the
    cyclone tends to produce a wavelike deformation on the front
    Step Three

    Steered by the winds aloft, the system typically moves east or


    northeastward and gradually becomes a fully developed open wave in 12
    to 24 hours. Open wave – the stage of development of a wave cyclone
    where a cold front and a warm front exist, but no occluded front.
    The center of lowest pressure in the wave is located at the junction of
    two fronts.
    Step Four

    Central pressure is now lower, several isobars encircle the wave. The
    more tightly packed isobars create a stronger cyclonic flow, winds swirl
    counterclock-wise and inward toward the low’s center. Energy for the
    storm is derived rising warm air and sinking cold air transforming
    potential energy to kinetic energy (energy of motion). Condensation
    supplies energy in the form of latent heat. Converging surface winds
    produce an increase of kinetic energy. The cold front advances on the
    warm front…
    Step Five
    As the open wave moves
    eastward, central pressures
    continue to decrease, and the
    winds blow more vigorously.
    The faster-moving cold front
    constantly inches closer to
    the warm front, squeezing
    the warm sector into a
    smaller area. Eventually the
    cold front overtakes the
    warm front and the system
    becomes occluded. The
    storm is usually most intense
    at this time, with clouds and
    precipetation covering a large
    area.
    Step Six
    • The intense storm from step
    five gradually dissipates,
    because cold air now lies on
    both sides of the cyclone.
    Without the supply of
    energy provided by the
    rising warm, moist air, the
    old storm system dies out
    and gradually disappears.
    Occasionally, however a
    new wave will form on the
    westward end of the trailing
    cold front.
    • The entire life cycle of a
    wave cyclone can last from
    a few days to over a week.
    A series of wave cyclones (a "family" of cyclones) forming along
    the polar front
    Developing Mid-Latitude Cyclones and Anticyclones

    • Mid-latitude cyclones are "deep" pressure systems extending


    from the surface to tropopause level

    • Developing surface storm systems are deep lows that usually


    intensify with height. Therefore, a surface low pressure area will
    appear on an upper level chart as either a closed low or a trough.

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