Transformers &: AC Machines

Transformers
&
AC Machines
1
©M. S. Ramaiah University of Applied Sciences
Lecture-31
Principle of Operation of a
Transformer
Lecture delivered by:
2
Topics
• Transformers Introduction
• Constructional Details
• Transformer Operation
• Classification of Transformers
• Application Examples of Transformer
3
Objectives
At the end of this lecture, student will be able to:
• State the meaning of "Transformer action”
• Describe the constructional details of transformer

• Name the source and load windings of a transformer
• Classify the transformer based on turns ratio
• Explain the principle of operation of a transformer
4
Transformer
• Transformer is a static device that changes ac electric
power at one voltage level to ac electric power at another
voltage level through the action of a magnetic field.
• Transformer works on the principle of Faraday’s Law Of
Electromagnetic Induction.
• Faraday’s Law, “Rate of change of flux linkage with
respect to time is directly proportional to the induced
EMF in a conductor or coil”
5
Transformer Uses
Changing
• Voltage Levels
• Current Levels
• Impedance values
6
Constructional Details
7 7
Basic Structure of Transformer
8
What are the basic parts of a transformer?
Transformer construction
The basic parts of a transformer

are
Magnetic core
Windings or coils
9
Core consists of two parts

Limbs or legs
The vertical portion on
which windings or coils are
wound are called limbs
Yokes
The top and bottom
horizontal portions are
called as yokes of the core
10
Yokes connect the limbs and serve

for closing the magnetic circuit
In two limbed core the cross-
sectional area of the limbs and the
yokes are identical
In three limbed core windings are
placed around the central limb also
known as main limb
11
In all types of transformers
the core is made of steel
having silicon content
High silicon content
reduces the hysteresis loss
Core is laminated to
reduce the eddy current
losses
Laminations are insulated
from each other by light
coat of varnish or by an
oxide layer
12
Constructional Details
• For transformers, the laminations are in the form of E,I, C, and O.
13
How Transformer Works
Laminated Soft
Iron Core
Output Voltage
Input Voltage (A.C.)
(A.C.)
Primary Coil Secondary Coil
14
Transformer Operation
15
• Primary coil is supplied with a AC voltage.
• Current drawn produces a magnetic field
• Magnetic field transported to a secondary coil via a magnetic
circuit
• Magnetic field induces a voltage in secondary coil
V+ V+
16
• Primary coil normally has a subscript of 1

• Secondary coil has a subscript of 2
I1 I2
V1 V2
17
Working Transformer
18
Ultra high Voltage Transformer
19
Classification of Transformers
Transformers
Based on
Core Based on Transformer Ratio
Core Shell
Type Type Step Up Step Down
20
Core Type
One Magnetic Circuit
21
Core Type
One Magnetic Circuit
22
Core Type
23
Shell Type
Two Magnetic Circuits
24
Shell Type
25
Comparison between core and shell type
transformers
• 26
transformers contd..
• C 27
• C 28
• Core type
Construction is difficult
• Shell type
Construction is easy
29
30
31
Why do we laminate the core?
I
S
32
Eddy currents are large & losses are great
Large Number of flux lines cut

\High voltage generated across core
I
S
33
Eddy currents are small & losses are reduced
Small Number of flux lines cut

\Low voltage generated across core
I
S
34
EDDY CURRENT LOSS
35
Transformer Losses
The major losses in a transformer are
• Core losses
• Copper losses
36
Core losses :
The core loss Wo or Wi occurring in a
transformer can be divided into
• Eddy current Loss (We)
•Hysteresis Loss (Wh)
37
Losses due to Eddy Currents
Pe  K e  f B m t 1 
2
Pe = losses in W/m3
Ke = Constant
F = Frequency
Bm = Maximum Flux density
t1 = Lamination thickness
38
Hysteresis Loss (Wh)
•The hysteresis loss in the core is given by the expression
Wh = Kh f Bm1.6 ___________
(1)
Where Kh -- is the proportionality constant
39
Core losses (Wo or Wi ):
• The total core loss is
Wo or Wi = Wh + We = Kh f Bm1.6 + Ke f2 Bm2
• The core losses are also called as constant losses as it doesn’t

depends on load current.
• Eddy current loss can be reduced by laminating the core
40
Copper loss (Ohmic Loss)
• When a transformer is loaded ohmic loss (I2R) occurs in both

the primary and secondary windings. These losses vary with the
load on the transformer. Hence these losses are also called as
variable losses.
• The total copper losses,
Wcu = I12R1 + I22R2= I12R01= I22R02
41
Basic Types of Transformer
• Based on TURNS RATIO
1. Step-up
turns ratio > 1
VS > VP
IS < IP
2. Step-down
turns ratio < 1
VS < VP
IS > IP
42
Transformer Symbols
NP = number of turns in the primary
NS = number of turns in the secondary
VP or EP or V1 = voltage of the primary
VS or ES or V2 = voltage of the secondary
IP or I1 = current in the primary
IS or I2 = current in the secondary

43
EMF Equation of a Transformer
44
Transformer Rating
•If a transformer carries the 10kVA, 1100/110volts information on its
name-plate. What are the meanings of these ratings?
•Voltage ratio indicates that the transformer has two windings, the
high-voltage winding is rated for 1100 Volts and
low-voltage winding for 110 volts.
•The kVA rating means that each winding is designed for 10 kVA.
current rating for the high-voltage winding = 10000/1100 = 9.09A
Current rating for low voltage winding = 10000/110 = 90.9 A
45
Worked Example No.1
Problem
A 250 kVA,11000V/400V, 50Hz single –phase transformer has 80 turns
on the secondary. Calculate
(a) The appropriate values of the primary and secondary currents;
(b) The approximate number of primary turns;
(c) the maximum value of the flux.
P 250  103
(a) Full-load primary current Ip    22.7 A
Vp 11000
P 250  10 -3
Full-load secondary current I s    625 A
Vs 400
46
Problem
(b) Number of primary turns
Vs N s
recall 
Vp N p
Ns 80
NP   VP  11000  2200
Vs 400
(c) Maximum flux

recall E  4.44 N f  m
Es 400
m    22.5mWb
4.44 N s f 4.44  80  50
47
2. A transformer has 600 primary turns connected to a 1.5 kV supply. Determine the
number of secondary turns for a 240 V output voltage, assuming no losses.
Ans: 96 turns
3. An ideal transformer with a turns ratio 2:9 is fed from a 220 V supply. Determine
its output voltage.
Ans: 990 V
4. An ideal transformer has a turns ratio of 15:1 and is supplied at 180 V when the
primary current is 4 A. Calculate the secondary voltage and current.
Ans: 12 V and 60 A
48
5. A step-down transformer having a turns ratio of 20:1 has a primary voltage of 4 kV
and a load of 10 kW. Neglecting losses, calculate the value of the secondary current.
Ans: 50 A
6. A 500 V/100 V, single-phase transformer takes a full load primary current of 4 A.
Neglecting losses, determine (a) the full load secondary current, and (b) the rating of
the transformer.
Ans: 20 A and 2 kVA
49
Summary
• Transformer is a very common magnetic structure found in many
everyday applications.
• Transformer couples two circuits magnetically rather than through
any direct connection.
• Transformers are used to raise or lower voltage and current
between one circuit and the other, and plays a major role in almost
all AC circuits.
• Transformer works on the principle of mutual induction
50

Transformers &: AC Machines

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Transformers

• Describe the constructional details of transformer

• Explain the principle of operation of a transformer

The basic parts of a transformer

Core consists of two parts

Yokes connect the limbs and serve

Primary Coil Secondary Coil

• Primary coil normally has a subscript of 1

One Magnetic Circuit

One Magnetic Circuit

Large Number of flux lines cut

Small Number of flux lines cut

The major losses in a transformer are

• Eddy current Loss (We)

•Hysteresis Loss (Wh)

•The hysteresis loss in the core is given by the expression

Where Kh -- is the proportionality constant

• The core losses are also called as constant losses as it doesn’t

• When a transformer is loaded ohmic loss (I2R) occurs in both

• The total copper losses,

Wcu = I12R1 + I22R2= I12R01= I22R02

NS = number of turns in the secondary

VP or EP or V1 = voltage of the primary

VS or ES or V2 = voltage of the secondary

IP or I1 = current in the primary

IS or I2 = current in the secondary

(c) Maximum flux

number of secondary turns for a 240 V output voltage, assuming no losses.

its output voltage.

primary current is 4 A. Calculate the secondary voltage and current.

6. A 500 V/100 V, single-phase transformer takes a full load primary current of 4 A.

Ans: 20 A and 2 kVA

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