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COMM 1 Report

This document discusses frequency and phase modulation techniques. [1] It defines frequency modulation as varying the carrier frequency by the modulating signal while keeping the amplitude constant. [2] Phase modulation is defined as varying the carrier phase rather than frequency, also keeping the amplitude constant. [3] Mathematical representations of instantaneous frequency, frequency deviation, instantaneous phase, and phase deviation are provided for both modulation techniques.

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Teddy Acedo
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30 views

COMM 1 Report

This document discusses frequency and phase modulation techniques. [1] It defines frequency modulation as varying the carrier frequency by the modulating signal while keeping the amplitude constant. [2] Phase modulation is defined as varying the carrier phase rather than frequency, also keeping the amplitude constant. [3] Mathematical representations of instantaneous frequency, frequency deviation, instantaneous phase, and phase deviation are provided for both modulation techniques.

Uploaded by

Teddy Acedo
Copyright
© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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OBJECTIVES

 To know the fundamentals of


frequency and phase modulation.

 To see some visual representations.

 To identify the mathematical


representation of FM and PM.
SYSTEM

X=A sin (ῳt + Φ )

X – instantaneous value, volts or ampere


A – amplitude
ῳ - angular velocity , radians per second
Φ – phase angle, rad
Theory of Frequency and Phase
Modulation
Frequency Modulation
is a system in which the amplitude of the modulated
carrier is kept constant while its frequency and rate
of change are varied by the modulating wave signal.

θ’(t) = K1Vm (t) rad/s


Phase Modulation
is a similar system in which the phase of the carrier
is varied instead of its frequency; as in frequency
modulation, the amplitude of the carrier remain
constant.
θ(t) = K1Vm (t) rad
Mathematical Representation
Instantaneous frequency
 ω (t)=Dx [ω t+ θ(t)]
i c

 ω (t)=ω + θ’(t)] rad/s


i c

Instantaneous frequency deviation


 θ’(t)] rad/s

Instantaneous phase
 ω (t)=ω t+ θ(t) rad
i c

Instantaneous phase deviation


 θ(t) rad
Frequency Deviation
-θ’(t) = K1Vm (t)dt rad/s
-m(t) =Vc cos [ωct+ ∫ θ’(t)]
-m(t) =Vc cos [ωct+ (K1 Vm/ωm ) sin ωmt

Phase Deviation
-θ(t) = K1Vm cos ωmt
-m(t) = Vc cos ωc t + θ(t)
Digital Modulation
Techniques
PHASE-SHIFT KEYING

FREQUENCY-SHIFT KEYING
Phase-shift keying (PSK)
is a digital modulation scheme that
conveys data by changing, or
modulating, the phase of a reference
signal (the carrier wave).

CARRIER WAVE is a waveform that


is modulated with an input signal
for the purpose of conveying
information.
CARRIER WAVE
TYPES OF PHASE SHIFT KEYING
Binary PSK
-Two phases represent two binary digits
-Pattern of bits forms the symbol that is
represented by the particular phase

BITS – BINARY DIGITS BAUD - SYMBOLS OR PULSES PER SECOND


Quaternary Phase-Shift Keying (QPSK)

-Uses four points on the constellation diagram


-Transmits twice the data rate in a given
bandwidth than BPSK does - at the same bit
error rate (BER)
Differential PSK
-Phase shifted relative to previous transmission
rather than some reference signal.
-Scheme depends on the difference between
successive phases.
Frequency-shift keying (FSK)
is a frequency modulation scheme in which
digital information is transmitted through
discrete frequency changes of a carrier
wave.

Minimum Frequency-Shift Keying


is a particular spectrally efficient form of
coherent FSK.
Audio Frequency-Shift Keying (AFSK)
H=fm/fc
is a modulation technique by which digital
data is represented by changes in the
frequency (pitch) of an audio tone, yielding
an encoded signal suitable for transmission
via radio or telephone.
Deviation Sensitivity
A value expressed as the ratio of the rate of
change in course indication to the deviation
from the course line.
Frequency Deviation
-θ’(t) = K1Vm (t)dt rad/s
-m(t) =Vc cos [ωct+ ∫ θ’(t)]
-m(t) =Vc cos [ωct+ (K1 Vm/ωm ) sin ωmt

Phase Deviation
-θ(t) = K1Vm cos ωmt
-m(t) = Vc cos ωc t + θ(t)
Modulation Indices
m=√(m21 + m22 +m23 +…..)

Frequency Modulation
∆f=carrier swing
m= ∆f/fm

Phase Modulation

m=K1Vm/fm
A 800kHz carrier swing is simultaneously
modulated with the following modulated
signal; 200-Hz, 500-Hz and 1.5kHz audio
sine waves. What is the modulated
frequency output ?
Supposed to have a unmodulated sine wave
signal with a carrier frequency of 200Hz, it
is to be modulated by 3∏/4 with respect to
the phase of its carrier at time 1msec. What
is the phase modulated output signal?
SOURCES

 Digital Signal Processing by John G. Proakis and


Dimitris G. Manolakis
 Communication System by A. Bruce Carlson,
Paul B. Crilly and Janet C. Rutledge
 http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
 http://www.coursehero.com/keyword/phase-shift-
keying/
 http://cnx.org/content/m10280/latest/#fig1000
 http://www.cycling74.com/docs/max5/tutori
als/msp-tut/mspchapter11.html
QUESTIONS?
PANGUTA?
GIKALIBUGAN?
Aron klaruhon XD

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