97.

315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC
MOTOR

Lecture 31 TITLE
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

• Theory
• Rotating DC Motor Principle
• Rotating DC Motor Theory
• Rotating DC Motor Torque Taming
• Rotating DC Motor Field Taming
• Rotating DC Motor / Generator
• Simple Rotating DC Motor
• Rotating DC Motor Dissection
• Rotating DC Motor Building at HomeFourier, Joseph (1768-1830)
• Rotating DC Motor Regenerative Braking • Assignment
• Rotating DC Motor Brushless
• References
•
• Summary
Lecture 31 OUTLINE
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR PRINCIPLE

Lecture 31 TEXT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR PRINCIPLE

Linear motors are good for certain tasks, but industrial

and transportation applications usually demand rotating
motion.


V bat  
B I
R app 
v

Metal fixed rail

Magnetic flux density into page
External applied field Movable metal bar
Lecture 31 TEXT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR PRINCIPLE

The DC rotating motor is commonly

constructed with an armature on the rotor
and a field generated by a permanent
magnet instead of a stator winding.
Stator: non-moving coil
Rotor: rotating part

Lecture 31 TEXT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR PRINCIPLE

motor, electric,
machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical
energy. When an electric current is passed through a wire
loop that is in a magnetic field, the loop will rotate and the
rotating motion is transmitted to a shaft, providing useful
mechanical work. The traditional electric motor consists of a
conducting loop that is mounted on a rotatable shaft. Current
fed in by carbon blocks, called brushes, enters the loop
through two slip rings. The magnetic field around the loop,
supplied by an iron core field magnet, causes the loop to turn
when current is flowing through it.

Lecture 31 TEXT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR PRINCIPLE

motor, electric,

In an alternating current (AC) motor, the current flowing in the loop

is synchronized to reverse direction at the moment when the plane of the
loop is perpendicular to the magnetic field and there is no magnetic force
exerted on the loop. Because the momentum of the loop carries it around
until the current is again supplied, continuous motion results. In alternating
current induction motors the current passing through the loop does not
come from an external source but is induced as the loop passes through
the magnetic field. In a direct current (DC) motor, a device known as a
split ring commutator switches the direction of the current each half
rotation to maintain the same direction of motion of the shaft. In any
motor the stationary parts constitute the stator, and the assembly
carrying the loops is called the rotor, or armature.

Lecture 31 TEXT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR PRINCIPLE

motor, electric,

As it is easy to control the speed of direct-current motors by varying the

field or armature voltage, these are used where speed control is necessary.
The speed of AC induction motors is set roughly by the motor construction
and the frequency of the current; a mechanical transmission must therefore
be used to change speed. In addition, each different design fits only one
application. However, AC induction motors are cheaper and simpler than
DC motors. To obtain greater flexibility, the rotor circuit can be connected
to various external control circuits. Most home appliances with small motors
have a universal motor that runs on either DC or AC. Where the expense is
warranted, the speed of AC motors is controlled by employing special
equipment that varies the power-line frequency, which in the United States
is 60 hertz (Hz), or 60 cycles per second.

Lecture 31 TEXT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR PRINCIPLE

motor, electric,

Brushless DC motors are constructed in a reverse fashion from the

traditional form. The rotor contains a permanent magnet and the
stator has the conducting coil of wire. By the elimination of brushes,
these motors offer reduced maintenance, no spark hazard, and better
speed control. They are widely used in computer disk drives, tape
recorders, CD drives, and other electronic devices. Synchronous
motors turn at a speed exactly proportional to the frequency. The very
largest motors are synchronous motors with DC passing through the rotor.

Lecture 31 TEXT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR PRINCIPLE

Terming this device a DC motor is not
entirely clear, in fact, the current in the
armature coil alternates in polarity, even
though the supply is DC.

WHY ?
Armature coil

Brushes

Stator: non-moving coil

Rotor: rotating part
Lecture 31 TEXT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR THEORY

Lecture 31 TEXT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR PRINCIPLE

Consider a rectangular coil rotating in a Axis
uniform magnetic field B
2r
Magnetic field and
current in loop

interact in such a way B
as to generate a
torque on the loop. 

Figures extracted from Lecture 22

Lecture 31 THEORY
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR PRINCIPLE Taken from Lecture 22

9 7 .3 1 5 B a s ic E & M a n d P o w e r E n g in e e r in g T o p ic : M a g n e tic d ip o le
 
F m
TO R Q U E O N A
M A G N E T IC  
D IP O L E a B
2

S id e v ie w

F
  a 2 IB sin  
 
  m B sin   P iv o t p o in t
a
  
  m  B a I

m  a 2I W ir e lo o p

L e c tu re 2 2 TH EO R Y

Lecture 31 THEORY
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR PRINCIPLE Taken from Lecture 22

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Lecture 31 THEORY
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR PRINCIPLE Taken from Lecture 22

9 7 .3 1 5 B a s ic E & M a n d P o w e r E n g in e e r in g T o p ic : M a g n e tic d ip o le
 
F m
T O R Q U E O N A
M A G N E T IC  
D IP O L E a B
2

S id e v ie w

a F
  2 F sin  
2
P iv o t p o in t
F = > M a g n e tic fo rc e o n
w ire o f le n g th a
  
F  IBa T h ro u g h p o s tu la te 1 fo r m a g n e tic fie ld s d F  I  B d 

T hen   a 2 IB sin  
L e c tu re 2 2 T H E O R Y

Lecture 31 THEORY
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR PRINCIPLE Axis

If current always 2r
flows in the same
direction then loop 
will only oscillate
rather than rotate
B
Stable equilibrium   
F m
 Unstable equilibrium 
r

0 180 360


Lecture 31 THEORY
F
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR TORQUE TAMING

Lecture 31 THEORY
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR PRINCIPLE TORQUE TAMING

We need to reverse the direction of the current on each half cycle.

Transform original torque

versus angle curve from:

0 180 360

TO 
0 180 360

Now torque always applied in same
direction inducing loop to spin
continuously in same direction.
Lecture 31 THEORY
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR PRINCIPLE TORQUE TAMING

Link to related site

This is accomplished by using a commutator (either mechanical or

electronic cycle).


0 180 360


Metal ring attached to shaft split in

two sections

How it Works….
Lecture 31 THEORY
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR PRINCIPLE TORQUE TAMING

The figure illustrates one method by which the commutation function might be
accomplished. Rather than hard wiring the current source to the coil, the current is
conducted through sliding contacts (brushes) connected to the current source. The
brushes ride on the ends of the coil wires, thus conducting current through the coil.
In this simplified motor, the brushes switch coil connections about once every 180 o
of rotation. Therefore, the direction of current flow remains fixed with respect to the
magnetic field.

Lecture 31 THEORY
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR PRINCIPLE TORQUE

TAMING

The torque produced by this design momentarily goes to zero

every half cycle. Stall is possible, also start up may require a
small push. In addition to this the torque versus rotation angle is
not uniform
Lecture 31 THEORY
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR PRINCIPLE TORQUE TAMING

Link to related site

Lecture 31 THEORY
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR PRINCIPLE TORQUE TAMING

Link to related site

Lecture 31 THEORY
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR PRINCIPLE TORQUE TAMING

Lecture 31 THEORY
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR FIELD TAMING

Lecture 31 THEORY
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR PRINCIPLE FIELD TAMING


B
To obtain a more even 
torque, the magnetic field B
lines should look something 
F
like: 
B 
B

B


F


B


B
And how do you get a magnetic field
with that shape?
Lecture 31 THEORY
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR PRINCIPLE FIELD TAMING

To obtain a more even poles of magnet

torque, the magnetic field
lines should look something
like:

B

Rotor

B field lines follow the path of least reluctance, so the

curved poles create roughly a radial field pattern.
Lecture 31 THEORY
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR PRINCIPLE FIELD TAMING

Redesign the permanent magnet poles.

Insert soft iron rotor

Lecture 31 THEORY
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR PRINCIPLE FIELD TAMING

Lecture 31 THEORY
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR PRINCIPLE FIELD TAMING

Motor dimensions:
Recall slide 9 of this lecture for Torque in radial field
parameters of the wire loop. Radius r
Depth    2rBI

B

Rotor

Lecture 31 THEORY
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR PRINCIPLE FIELD TAMING

In a practical motor design, use many turns of wire on the rotor

(rather than just one) to increase the torque.

B

Rotor

Lecture 31 THEORY
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR PRINCIPLE FIELD TAMING

Lecture 31 THEORY
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR / GENERATOR

Lecture 31 THEORY
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR / GENERATOR

As the motor turns, a back emf is produced:

V  2vB
emf

velocity of the outer edge of the

rotor v  r

There are two conductors of length

 in the loop.

V  2rB
emf

Lecture 31 THEORY
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors


ROTATING DC MOTOR / GENERATOR
Loop 
Equivalent circuit
  2rBI

V bat 
I 
V

emf

R
Expression of Vemf

V  2 r  B
emf

v terminal

V  IR  V
bat emf

V  R  2 r  B
2rB
bat

Slide extracted from lecture 30 and modified for loop motor.

Lecture 31 THEORY
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR / GENERATOR

Slide extracted from lecture 30 and modified for loop motor.

V  R  2rB Linear relation between
2rB
bat
speed and torque

  
V
bat
no  load
2rB  0
Current
2rBV
flows in a
direction to
 bat

R
charge the
battery.
Stall torque

Link
Generator
Motor

Lecture 31 THEORY
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

SIMPLE ROTATING DC MOTOR

Lecture 31 THEORY
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

SIMPLE ROTATING DC MOTOR

PURPOSE: To illustrate possibly the world's simplest motor.

DESCRIPTION: A small coil is mounted across the terminals of a battery as shown. The enamel
is scraped off half of the coil wire where it contacts the battery terminals. The magnet is oriented
such that when the coil is rotating it either pushes away or pulls toward the magnet in the
appropriate part of its cycle. The other half-cycle the enamel prevents the coil from being
activated; if it were it would counteract the torque which produces the desired rotation.
SUGGESTIONS:
REFERENCES: (PIRA unknown.)
EQUIPMENT: Mounted battery and rotation coil with carefully polished lead wires.
SETUP TIME: None.

Lecture 31 THEORY
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

SIMPLE ROTATING DC MOTOR

ST. LOUIS MOTOR

PURPOSE: To demonstrate the structure and operation of a simple motor.
DESCRIPTION: This is a two-pole DC motor with a split-ring commutator and
permanent magnets. Operates with a 1.5 volt battery.
SUGGESTIONS:
REFERENCES: (PIRA 5K40.10)
EQUIPMENT: St. Louis motor.
SETUP TIME: None.

Lecture 31 THEORY
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR DISSECTION

Lecture 31 THEORY
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR DISSECTION

Link by clinking
on figure

works and explains the  

"How Electric Motors Work" describes how an electric motor
                              
basic components found in any
simple DC electric motor. In this article we will take apart an
actual electric motor and see what's inside. The motor
                   
being dissected is a simple electric motor that you would
typically find in a toy:
Lecture 31 TEXT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR DISSECTION

 You can see that this is a small motor about as big around as a dime. From the
outside you can see the steel can that forms the body of the motor, an axle, a
nylon end cap and two battery leads. If you hook the battery leads of the motor
up to a flashlight battery the axle will spin. If you reverse the leads it will spin in
the opposite direction. Here are two other views of the same motor. Note the
two slots in the side of the steel can in the second shot - their purpose will
become more evident in a moment:

Lecture 31 TEXT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR DISSECTION

 The nylon end cap is held in place by two tabs that are part of the steel can. By
bending the tabs back you can free the end cap and remove it. Inside the end
cap are the motor's brushes. These brushes transfer power from the battery to
the commutator as the motor spins:

Lecture 31 TEXT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR DISSECTION

The axle holds the armature and the commutator. As described in "How Electric
Motors Work", the armature is a set of electromagnets, in this case three. The
armature in this motor is a set of thin metal plates stacked together, with thin
copper wire coiled around each of the three poles of the armature. The two ends
of each wire (one wire for each pole) are soldered onto a terminal, and then each
of the three terminals is wired to one plate of the commutator. The figures below
make it easy to see the armature, terminals and commutator:

Lecture 31 TEXT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR DISSECTION

 The final piece of any DC electric motor is the field magnet. The
field magnet in this motor is formed by the can itself plus two
curved permanent magnets:

One end of each magnet rests against a slot cut into the can, and then the
retaining clip presses against the other ends of both magnets.

Lecture 31 TEXT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR BUILDING AT HOME

Lecture 31 TEXT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR BUILDING AT HOME

While this motor is very crude and inefficient, it cost me less than $5.00 to build from
parts I mostly had around the house, and total construction time was under four hours.
The hardest part was winding the field magnet and the armature coils.
Note that you can click on many of the smaller images on this page to see larger
versions.
  The wooden frame of the motor was constructed from various bits of scrap lumber I had
laying around. If you build your own, look through all of these pictures and you can rig
something up based on what YOU have laying around.

Lecture 31 TEXT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR BUILDING AT HOME

I could have used permanent magnets for the fields on this

motor, but this is a section on electromagnetism - and I couldn't
find any. I made my field coil by winding 75 feet of 26 gauge
enameled magnet wire onto the "U" of a 2.5 in iron Muffler
clamp. Note the fence staple on the left to provide a route for the
wires. The coil is wound in several neat overlapping layers, with
a layer of electrical tape between each. Wind a layer, then wrap
with a single layer of electrical tape, and wind back over the coil
you have already wound. Just make sure that you always wind in
the same clockwise or counterclockwise direction in which you
started.
The arms of the "U" bolt are passed up through holes drilled in
the bottom of the wooden frame. The whole assembly is held in
place by gravity and by the nuts on the top of the frame
assembly.

Lecture 31 TEXT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR BUILDING AT HOME

The bearings for the shaft are simply screw eyes

screwed in to the sides of the wooden frame. The
brushes, which will transfer current to the slip
rings in the commutator assembly are made from
22 gauge solid copper wire with a couple of
inches of the insulation stripped from each end.
Note that one is mounted on the top of one
wooden cross piece, while the other is mounted to
the bottom of the other. This wire must be stiff
enough to hold a shape, but not so stiff that it puts
too much friction on the commutator assembly.

Lecture 31 TEXT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR BUILDING AT HOME

The armature is made from a section of iron nail

which was cut to fit cleanly between the arms of the
"U" bolt. Before winding the coil for the armature,
wrap one turn of 12 gauge solid copper insulated
house wiring around the very center of the nail. Bend
the wire in such a way that it comes straight off the
piece of nail, and that the nail is positioned in a ninety
degree angle to the wire. Place the nail and wire on a
chunk of waxed paper and place some two part epoxy
on the union to bind them together.

 Wrap one layer of electrical tape around each half of the iron nail, then wind four
layers of 26 gauge enameled magnet wire and tape onto the iron nail, making sure
to always wind in the same direction. Simply cross over the 12 gauge wire shaft in
the center and continue each layer on the other side, as if the shaft were not there.

Lecture 31 TEXT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR BUILDING AT HOME

The commutator in my motor is made from a section cut out of

a broken shovel handle. Drill a hole in the center into which
the wire shaft will fit fairly snugly, and cut a groove into each
of it's sides. Slide this onto the short end of the shaft. The next
step is to fashion the slip rings. I used a tuna fish can, and cut
it into 2 strips the width of the commutator using tin snips. The
ends of the strips should be folded down into the grooves in
each side of the commutator. Use a small screwdriver to fold
them neatly into the grooves in the wooden piece. It is
important that the slip rings are as round as possible when the
commutator is assembled, and that none of the metal extends
past the edges of the wooden part or your motor will not
function properly.

Lecture 31 TEXT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR BUILDING AT HOME

Cut a small notch in the folded part of the slip rings so that you
have something to which you can attach the wires from the
armature. Using a small butane lighter, burn the insulation from
the ends of the armature wires and clean with a piece of steel
wool. You can solder the wires in place if you wish, but I
simply used some miniature alligator clips to hold it in place.
Snap the slip rings onto the wooden block, and wrap half of
them tightly with electrical tape to hold them in place. Make
sure that they are as round as possible, and that they do not
touch each other in the notches.
 Make sure that the 12 gauge wire shaft is straight and even,
and that the slip rings on the commutator are as round as
possible. The gap between the slip rings should be at about a 90
degree angle to the armature assembly. Try spinning the shaft
in your fingers to be sure that the assembly is fairly well
balanced.

Lecture 31 TEXT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR BUILDING AT HOME

Slide the armature assembly into the front bearing

(a.k.a. a screw eye) from the center of the wooden
frame until the armature is against the frame. If the
other end of the wire shaft is too long to fit in the rear
screw eye, trim it off a bit. Insert the back end of the
shaft into the rear bearing, and slide the whole
assembly back until the slip rings line up with the
brushes.

Lecture 31 TEXT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR BUILDING AT HOME

You should have to bend the brushes slightly outward to get the
commutator between them. If they don't touch the slip rings when you are
done, slide the assembly forward enough to bend them in toward the shaft,
then gently slide the commutator back between them.
 There is not much to the electrical wiring of the motor - I did not even use
an on/off switch. The use of the terminal strip in the back of the motor is
optional, but does make life a lot easier. Apply power to the motor by
connecting a 12 volt lantern battery, and it should spin merrily away. If the
armature wants to lock in position, then you have the wires to the
commutator reversed, causing an opposite magnetic field. Even if you have
the magnetic poles in the correct orientation, to get the motor to run
properly you may have to disconnect the battery and adjust the position and
tension of the brushes. You can also slightly adjust the speed of the motor
by slightly rotating the commutator on the shaft so that you change the
angle between the armature and the field coils.

Lecture 31 TEXT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR BUILDING AT HOME

If your motor still does not work properly, connect a couple of

"D" cell batteries (3 volts dc instead of 12) and manually turn
the shaft. You should be able to feel the magnetic fields as
resistance or attraction at certain points in the rotation and you
should then be able to figure out where the problem lies. Do
not leave the motor connected to the batter for very long or
the coils will get very hot, and the battery will get drained
quickly, due to the extremely poor efficiency of this design.
 If you want your motor to work better than mine, and
possibly at a lower voltage, figure out how to reduce the
friction of the brushes, and use a more rigid shaft mounted in
bearings for the armature.

Lecture 31 TEXT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR LINKS

Lecture 31 TEXT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR LINKS

Making DC Motors
Lecture 31 TEXT Click picture to link
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR Regenerative

Braking

Lecture 31 TEXT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR Regenerative Braking

Since the DC motor and a DC generator are virtually the same

machine mechanically, it was immediately realized that a train
could use its motors to act as generators and that this would provide
some braking effect if a suitable way could be found to dispose of
the energy. The idea formed that if the power could be returned to
the source, other trains could use it. Trains were designed therefore,
which could return current, generated during braking, to the supply
system for use by other trains. Various schemes were tried over
many years with more or less success but it was not until the
adoption of modern electronics that reliable schemes have been
available.

Lecture 31 TEXT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR BRUSHLESS

Lecture 31 TEXT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR BRUSHLESS

Brushless DC motors are referred to by many aliases: Brushless

permanent magnet, permanent magnet ac motors, permanent
magnet synchronous motors ect. The confusion arises because a
Brushless dc motor does not directly operate off a dc voltage
source. However, as we shall see, the basic principle of operation
is similar to a dc motor. A Brushless dc motor has a rotor with
permanent magnets and a stator with windings. It is essentially a
dc motor turned inside out. The brushes and commutator have
been eliminated and the windings are connected to the control
electronics. The control electronics replace the function of the
commutator and energize the proper winding.

As shown in the animation the winding are energized in a pattern which rotates around the stator. The
energized stator winding leads the rotor magnet, and switches just as the rotor aligns with the stator.
There are no sparks, which is one advantage of the bldc motor. The brushes of a dc motor have several
limitations; brush life, brush residue, maximum speed, and electrical noise. BLDC motors are
potentially cleaner, faster, more efficient, less noisy and more reliable. However, BLDC motors
require electronic control.

Lecture 31 TEXT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR BRUSHLESS

Lecture 31 TEXT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR BRUSHLESS

Lecture 31 TEXT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR BRUSHLESS

Lecture 31 TEXT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

ROTATING DC MOTOR BRUSHLESS

Lecture 31 TEXT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

These questions are straight forward. Plug in the numbers and get your answer. Being able to
25 solve this type of question ensures you of at least a grade of 25% on a quiz or final exam
containing questions related to this lecture.

These questions require a few manipulations of equations or numbers before the answer can be
50 obtained. Being able to solve this type of question ensures you of at least a grade of 50% on a
quiz or final exam containing questions related to this lecture.

These question are quite involved and requires a thorough understanding of the topic material.
75 Being able to solve this type of question ensures you of at least a grade of 75% on a quiz or final
exam containing questions related to this lecture.

These questions are the most difficult and require a thorough understanding of the topic material
and also pull in topics from other lectures and disciplines. Being able to solve this type of
100 question ensures you an A grade on a quiz or final exam containing questions related to this
lecture.

75 100 These form excellent review questions when preparing for the quiz and final exam.

25 50 75 100

SELF EVALUATION SCALE

Lecture 31 ASSIGNMENT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

Know the properties of DC motors, …..

Lecture 31 ASSIGNMENT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

50
A square coil, 0.60 m on a side, rotates about the x-axis
at w = 60  rad/s in a uniform field B = 0.80 T in the
positive z direction. Find the induced voltage. Vab


B

a b w

Lecture 31 ASSIGNMENT
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

REFERENCES
VARIOUS
INTERNET
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Lecture 31 REFERENCES
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

Lecture 31 SUMMARY
 97.315 Basic E&M and Power Engineering Topic: DC Motors

END LECTURE 31

Lecture 31 END