Derivation of Flexure Formula

Derivation of Flexure Formula
Engr. Abdul Rahim Khan
Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:

03/14/2021 1
Assumption
• The plane section of beams remains plane
• The materials in beam is homogenous and
obeys Hook’s law
• The moduli of elasticity for tension and
compression are equal
• The beam is initially straight and of constant
cross section

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Derivation of Flexure Formula
• The stresses caused by the bending moment
are known as bending or flexure stresses.
• Relation between these stresses and bending
moment is expressed by flexure formula

03/14/2021 3
• Figure 1 shows that two adjacent section “ab”
and “cd” separated by distance “dx”.
• Because of the bending caused by load “P”,
section “ab” and “cd” rotate relative to each
other by the amountd as shown in Figure 1
• But remaining section remains undistorted as
we assume it.
• Fiber “ac” at the top fiber is shortened and
fiber “bd” at the bottom lengthened.
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• Somewhere between them is located fiber
“ef”, whose length is unchanged.
• Drawing the line “c’d’” through “f” parallel to
“ab” shows that fiber “ac” is shortened an
amount “cc’” and is in compression
• And that fiber “bd” is lengthened by the
amount “d’d” and is in tension.

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P
dx
a c
b d
R1 R2

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• The plane containing fiber like “ef” is called
neutral surface because such fiber remains
unchanged in length and hence carry no stress
• But this fiber contain the centroids of all transverse
sections
• Consider now the deformation of typical fiber
“gh” located at a distance “y” from neutral surface.
• It’s elongation “hk” is the arc of a circle of radius
d
“y” subtended by the angle and is given by
  hk  y.d
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• The strain is found by dividing the
deformation by the original length of “ef” of
the fiber  y.d
 
L ef
• If we denote the radius of curvature of the

neutral surface by ρ, the curved length “ef” is
equal to  .d from which the strain becomes:
y.d y
 
 .d 
03/14/2021 9
• Assuming that the materials is homogenous and
obey Hook’s law:
y E
•    E  ( ).E  ( ). y (a)
 
• Equation (a) indicates that stress varies in any
fiber directly with it’s location “y” from neutral
surface, since it is assumed that the modulus of
elasticity is same in compression and tension
zone, and the radius of curvature ρ of the neutral
surface is independent of the location “y” of the
fiber.

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• To complete the derivation of the flexure
formula, we apply the condition of equilibrium.
• We know that the external load that act on the
section is balanced by the resisting shear Vr
and the resisting moment Mr.
• To create a balance, a typical element in the
exploratory section is subjected to forces shown
in Figure 2.

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• To satisfy the conditions that the external loads
have no x components we must have :
[Fx  0]
 x .dA  0
• Where  is equivalent in Eq. (a). On replacing

x x
by ( E ). y we obtain:
E
  y.dA  0

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E
• The constant ratio is written outside the

integral sign. Since y.dA is the moment of
differential area “dA” about the neutral axis,
the integral  y.dA is the total moment of area.
Hence:
E
. A. y   0


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• However, since only “y-” in this relation can be
zero, we conclude that the distance from the
neutral axis to the centroid of the cross sectional
area must be zero.
• The condition that [F  0] resulting in V=V r leads
y
to the shear stress formula.

• It should be observed that the resisting shear v r is
the summation of the shearing forces  .dA that is: xy
vr    xy .dA

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• We now consider next condition
[M y  0]
• The external loads have no moments about y

axis nor do the internal forces .dA and  xz .dA xy
• Therefor:
 z.( x .dA)  0
• Again replacing  by ( E ). y we obtain:
x 
E
  z. y.dA  0
• The integral z.y.dA is the product of inertia p zy,
which zero only if y or z is an axis of
symmetry or a principal axis.
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• The final condition of equilibrium,[M  0] z
Requires that the bending moment must be

balanced by the resisting moment that is M=M r
• The resisting moment about the neutral axis of
typical element being  y.( x .dA) this condition
requires that:
M   y.( x .dA)
E
• Replacing x by (

). y we have: E 2
M   y .dA

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• Since  y .dA is defined as “I”, the moment of
2
inertia of the area about reference axis which

here is the neutral axis, we finally obtain:
EI
M

• Which can be write as:
M 1 M E
•  or 

(b)
EI  I

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 E
• From Eq. (a) 
y 
and Eq. (b) Compare
M E 
 
I  y
• Which leads directly to the flexure formula

My

I

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• This formula indicates that the flexure stress in
any direction varies directly with the distance
of the section from neutral axis.

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Maximum Flexure Stress
• If we replace “y” by the “c” which is defined
as the “ distance from the neutral axis to the
remotest element
• With this change the maximum flexure stress
in any section is given by:
Mc
 Max 
I

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Section Modulus
• If “I/c” is section modulus and denoted by “S”
another common variation of flexure formula:
M M
 Max  
I S
c
• This variation is useful for beams of constant
cross section, as it shows that maximum
flexure stress occurs at a section of the
maximum bending moment
03/14/2021 22
Section Modulus of Rectangular Beam
b
c
C
C h/2
k
h
e N.A
k
C h/2
T
t

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• Because the horizontal summation of all the
forces acting on section must be equal to zero,
so the total compression in the upper portion
of the beam must be equal to the tension on
the lower portion of the beam but opposite in
direction so”
1 h
C  T  ( avg ).( Area)  (  ).(b )
2 2

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• The forces “C” and “T” act through centroid
of the triangular load at a distance “k” from
neutral axis.
• Since k    2 / 3 .C   2 / 3  h / 2 
2
• The moment arm of resulting couple is: e  2k  h
3

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• Equating the bending moment to resisting
moment, we have:
M  M r  Ce  Te
1 h 2
M  (  ).(b )( h)
2 2 3
2
bh
M 
6

03/14/2021 26

Derivation of Flexure Formula

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Derivation of Flexure Formula

Engr. Abdul Rahim Khan

Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:

Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:

Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:

Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:

Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:

• If we denote the radius of curvature of the

Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:

Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:

• Where  is equivalent in Eq. (a). On replacing

Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:

Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:

to the shear stress formula.

Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:

• The external loads have no moments about y

Requires that the bending moment must be

inertia of the area about reference axis which

Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:

• Which leads directly to the flexure formula

Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:

Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:

Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:

Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:

Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:

Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:

Mechanics of Materials, Notes Prepared By:

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