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Assignment # 01

The document discusses frictional losses that occur in pipes due to changes in velocity and direction of fluid flow. It describes losses from expansion, contraction, and pipe fittings. Major losses depend on factors like pipe diameter and fluid viscosity or turbulence. Minor losses are quantified using loss coefficients and occur due to components like bends, valves, and changes in pipe size. Equations are derived and explained for calculating losses from expansion, contraction, and total friction to incorporate into Bernoulli's equation. Reducing pipe roughness, gradual changes in area, minimizing components, and replacing sharp bends can help reduce these losses.

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inam ullah
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37 views

Assignment # 01

The document discusses frictional losses that occur in pipes due to changes in velocity and direction of fluid flow. It describes losses from expansion, contraction, and pipe fittings. Major losses depend on factors like pipe diameter and fluid viscosity or turbulence. Minor losses are quantified using loss coefficients and occur due to components like bends, valves, and changes in pipe size. Equations are derived and explained for calculating losses from expansion, contraction, and total friction to incorporate into Bernoulli's equation. Reducing pipe roughness, gradual changes in area, minimizing components, and replacing sharp bends can help reduce these losses.

Uploaded by

inam ullah
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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FRICTIONAL LOSSES DUE TO CHANGE IN

VELOCITY AND DIRECTION IN CONDUIT SUBMITTED BY


INAM ULLAH
CHE-12A
OVERVIEW

 Introduction

 Losses due to expansion

 Losses due to contraction

 Losses due to pipe fitting

 Form-Friction losses in Bernoulli’s Equation

 Solution to These Losses


INTRODUCTION

 When a fluid flow in any pipe from one point to another the friction losses are always present there
and they can’t be neglected
 These losses may occur due to the boundary, valves, expansion, contraction etc. of pipe
 These losses are generally categorized into two types

1) Major Losses
2) Minor Losses
INTRODUCTION

Major Losses:
 May be caused by the viscosity of fluids
 Molecules movement of fluid against layers and with the boundary of pipe
 Depends on the pipe diameters
 Depends upon fluids flow weather it is laminar or turbulent
 In turbulent flow losses are directly proportional to the square of velocity
 In laminar flow losses are directly proportional to the velocity of fluid
 These losses are important to consider for the calculations
INTRODUCTION

Minor Losses:
 These losses are caused by the pipe fittings

 Such as bends, valves, elbows, tee’s,

 Also produced by the pipe contraction and expansion

 Quantified as K values, loss coefficients etc.


LOSSES DUE TO EXPANSION

 As we can see in the image there is expansion


in the pipe
 When expansion starts eddies are formed
 Eddies are swirling of fluid
 After expansion the velocity, area and pressure
of the fluid is changed
 In next slide we will derive the formula for the
expansion losses
LOSSES DUE TO EXPANSION

Derivation
As we know the Bernoulli’s equation for the fluid’s flow;

* where h is expansion head loss


   As expansion is at same level (Z1=Z2) so eq. becomes

Separating h on one side


h= (1)
LOSSES DUE TO EXPANSION

Derivation
Now calculating the fore along the direction of fluid flow(x-axis)

By simplifying

   Calculating momentum at point 1


As we know that momentum is defined as
Momentum= Mass flow rate × Volume

So momentum at point 2
Momentum
LOSSES DUE TO EXPANSION

Derivation
Net force is equal to change in momentum
=
= (2)
By eq. of continuity

   V2
= (putting in eq. 2)
(
(
Dividing by g both sides
LOSSES DUE TO EXPANSION

Derivation

Substituting this value in eq. 1


h=
h=

   h=
Can be written as
h= Ke
This is the equation for the losses due to expansion.
LOSSES DUE TO CONTRACTION

 In diagram we can see there are three regions


labled as 1, C and 2.
 There is contraction from region 1 to C
 But after that there is expansion in region
from C to 2
 At C, vena contracta are formed
 Eddies( Swirling of fluid) are produced at
point C
 These eddies are formed due to change in area
and pressure.
LOSSES DUE TO CONTRACTION

Derivation
As we can see from point C to 2 there is expansion which we have calculated as
h=
Taking common in numerator
(1)
  
By eq. of continuity
V2
=
LOSSES DUE TO CONTRACTION

Derivation
Putting value of in eq (1)

As K=
So h becomes
  

It is the eq for the losses due to contraction


LOSSES DUE TO PIPE FITTING

 These losses are produced because of fitting of pipes and valves


 They disturb the fluid’s flow lines
 These losses are calculated with the similar formula

   • Kf is lost factor for pipe fitting


• V is the average velocity
• g is gravitational accelration
FORM-FRICTION LOSSES IN BERNOULLI EQUATION

 Now combining all the frictional losses


 Contraction loss( )
 Skin friction loss( 4f )
 Expansion loss Ke
  
 Pipe fitting loss ( )

Total friction becomes


hf = (4f + Kc + Ke + Kf)
FORM-FRICTION LOSSES IN BERNOULLI EQUATION

Putting the value of total friction in Bernoulli equation


SOLUTION TO THESE LOSSES:

 Reduce the roughness of the pipes


 Contraction and expansion losses can be reduced by
 gradually decreasing and increasing the cross-sectional area
 Pipe length must not be too large
 Use of tee’s, elbows, valves should be minimum
 90 degrees bends should be minimum
 Rather it should be replaced with gentle bends

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