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    Hydrology: The Flow of Water Across and Through Near Surface Environments

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    SN2-0620 Theeban Rau A/L Chanthiran
    Hydrology is the study of the movement of water across land surfaces and through the earth. The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the earth, including processes such as evaporation, transpiration, precipitation, runoff, infiltration, and subsurface flow. Precipitation can occur in different forms including rain, snow, sleet, hail, dew, and fog. Precipitation results from convectional, orographic, or cyclonic processes.

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    Hydrology: The Flow of Water Across and Through Near Surface Environments

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    SN2-0620 Theeban Rau A/L Chanthiran
    55 views9 pages
    Hydrology is the study of the movement of water across land surfaces and through the earth. The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the earth, including processes such as evaporation, transpiration, precipitation, runoff, infiltration, and subsurface flow. Precipitation can occur in different forms including rain, snow, sleet, hail, dew, and fog. Precipitation results from convectional, orographic, or cyclonic processes.

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    HYDROLOGICAL CYCLE

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    Hydrology is the study of the movement of water across land surfaces and through the earth. The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the earth, including processes such as evaporation, transpiration, precipitation, runoff, infiltration, and subsurface flow. Precipitation can occur in different forms including rain, snow, sleet, hail, dew, and fog. Precipitation results from convectional, orographic, or cyclonic processes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    55 views9 pages

    Hydrology: The Flow of Water Across and Through Near Surface Environments

    Uploaded by

    SN2-0620 Theeban Rau A/L Chanthiran
    Hydrology is the study of the movement of water across land surfaces and through the earth. The hydrologic cycle describes the continuous movement of water on, above, and below the surface of the earth, including processes such as evaporation, transpiration, precipitation, runoff, infiltration, and subsurface flow. Precipitation can occur in different forms including rain, snow, sleet, hail, dew, and fog. Precipitation results from convectional, orographic, or cyclonic processes.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 9

    HYDROLOGY

    The flow of water across and


    through near surface environments
    HYDROLOGY | the hydrologic cycle

    3
    Transpiration
    Evaporation
    Infiltration
    Condensation
    2
    Runoff 4
    Precipitation
    Subsurface flow

    5 1

    6
    7
    HYDROGEN CYCLE
    Journey of water from the ocean to atmosphere and back to the earth and
    ultimately to the ocean through the processes of evaporation, precipitation,
    percolation, runoff and return to the ocean is called hydrologic cycle.
    COMPONENTS OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE :
    Precipitation: Includes rain, snow and other forms of water falling from the atmosphere into the land &
    oceans.

    Evaporation Physical process by which water is vaporized into the atmosphere from free water surface
    and land areas.

    Transpiration: Water from the soil is absorbed by plant roots and eventually discharged into the
    atmosphere through little pores in the leaves called stomata.

    Evapotranspiration: Combined processes by which water is transferred to the atmosphere from open
    water surfaces and vegetation.

    Infiltration: Movement of water from the land surface to the upper layers of the soil.

    Percolation: Movement of water through the subsurface down to the water table.

    Overland flow: Portion of runoff that travels over the surface of the ground to reach a stream channel.

    Surface runoff: Includes all overland flow as well as precipitation falling directly onto stream channels.

    Subsurface runoff: It includes: a) interflow, and b) groundwater runoff.


    FORMS OF PRECIPITATION:

    •Drizzle: a light steady rain in fine drops (0.5 mm) and intensity <1 mm/hr
    •Rain: the condensed water vapour of the atmosphere falling in drops (>0.5 mm, maximum size—6 mm) from the clouds.
    •Glaze: freezing of drizzle or rain when they come in contact with cold objects.
    •Sleet: frozen rain drops while falling through air at subfreezing temperature.
    •Snow: ice crystals resulting from sublimation (i.e., water vapour condenses to ice)
    •Hail: small lumps of ice (>5 mm in diameter) formed by alternate freezing and melting, when
    •they are carried up and down in highly turbulent air currents.
    •Dew: moisture condensed from the atmosphere in small drops upon cool surfaces.
    •Frost: a feathery deposit of ice formed on the ground or on the surface of exposed objects by
    •dew
    •Fog: a thin cloud of varying size formed at the surface of the earth by condensation of
    •atmospheric vapour
    •Mist: a very thin fog
    TYPES OF
    PRECIPITATION
    CONVECTIONAL PRECIPITATION

    It results from the


    heating of the earth's
    surface. Due to this,
    the warm air rises
    rapidly into the
    atmosphere. As the
    air rises, it cools.
    Water vapour in the
    air condenses into
    clouds and
    precipitation.
    OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION

    It results when warm moist


    air moving across the ocean
    is forced to rise by large
    mountains. As the air rises, it
    cools. As air cools, the water
    vapour in the air condenses
    and water droplets form.
    Precipitation occurs on the
    windward side of the
    mountain. The air is now dry
    and rises over top the
    mountain. As the air moves
    back down the mountain, it
    collects moisture from the
    ground via evaporation.
    CYCLONIC

    Cyclonic or Frontal
    precipitation results
    when the leading
    edge of a warm,
    moist air mass
    (warm front) meets a
    cool and dry air mass
    (cold front). The
    warmer air mass is
    forced up over

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