ENERGY 211 / CME 211

Lecture 2
September 24, 2008

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 Evolution
• In the beginning, we all used assembly
• That was too tedious, so a very crude
compiler for FORTRAN was built
• FORTRAN was still too painful to work
with, so ALGOL 60 was created
• ALGOL 60 merged with COBOL to form
CPL, for both science and business
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 Evolution, cont’d
• CPL was too large and complex, so it
was simplified to obtain BCPL
• BCPL was stripped down even more for
systems programming, leading to B
• B was stripped down too much for more
advanced operating systems, so it was
enhanced to create C

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 From C to C++
• Bjarne Stroustrup wanted a language
that was efficient, like C, AND suitable
for development of large applications,
like SIMULA
• He enhanced C with SIMULA-like
features to create “C with classes”
• Rick Mascitti first used the name C++
• First commercial release in 1985
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 Design Considerations
• There is no lower-level language
between C++ and machine language
(can write assembly in C++, but few do)
• For backward compatibility, any valid C
program is a valid C++ program
• Unlike other languages, C++ supports
multiple programming paradigms, such
as procedural, object-oriented, generic,
functional, etc.
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From the Text you Type to the
Program you Run
• As with other languages, you type your
source code into source files, using the
editor of your choice
• A C++ compiler translates the source
code into object code, after checking for
errors
• A linker combines your object code with
other object code from existing libraries
to create an executable file
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 Tools Needed for Projects
• Projects will be submitted electronically
and graded on the elaine workstations
• Must have ssh client to connect
• Must be able to edit files in UNIX/Linux
(with vi or emacs, for example), or
transfer them using SecureFX
• Must be able to use GNU C++ compiler
• Visit computing.stanford.edu for
needed software
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Essential Software Link

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Link to Download Page

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Download SecureCRT

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Launch SecureCRT

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Create New Session

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New Session Wizard

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New Session Wizard, cont’d

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New Session Wizard, cont’d

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Connect to Elaine

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Use SUNet Password

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Connected!

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Getting Started in Linux

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Launching the vi editor

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 VERY Basic vi Usage
• Type i to enter insert mode
• Use ESC key to exit insert mode
• Commands (when not in insert mode):
– h: left, l: right, j: down, k: up
– x: delete character at cursor
• Colon takes you to command prompt.
There, use w to save, and q to exit
• Resource for learning vi:
– http://www.infobound.com/vi.html
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Typing in your program

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Saving…

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…saved!

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Exiting vi

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Creating Executables in Linux
• The c++ command invokes the GNU C+
+ compiler on given source files,
indicated by .cpp extension
• By default, it will also invoke the linker to
create an executable
– Use –c option to only create an object file
which has .o extension
• By default, executable is called a.out
– Use –o option to specify another name
– Can be run from the command prompt
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Compiling and Executing

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 Dissecting hello.cpp
// #include is a preprocessor directive that
// specifies a header file to be included in the
// program (in this case, iostream)
#include <iostream>

// When a program is run, its main function is

// invoked. It returns an integer (int) value
// indicating its status (not done here, though)
int main()
{
// std::cout denotes the “standard output”
// device, which is normally the screen. The
// << operator, in this case, is used to
// write data to this device.
std::cout << "Hello world!" << std::endl;
}

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 Delegating (or: Modularity!)
hello.cpp: (subroutine)
#include <iostream>

void say_hello() // void means “does not return a value”

{
std::cout << "Hello world!" << std::endl;
}

hellomain.cpp: (main program)

void say_hello(); // external functions must be declared

int main()
{
say_hello(); // main passes the buck to say_hello
}

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 Compiling Multiple Files
Neither hello.cpp nor hellomain.cpp is a complete
program, so we use –c to compile only, and not link
bramble06:~/demo211> c++ -c hello.cpp
bramble06:~/demo211> c++ -c hellomain.cpp
The previous commands created object (.o) files, which
are now linked to create the executable program “hello”
bramble06:~/demo211> c++ -o hello hello.o hellomain.o
The ls command lists the current directory (like dir in
Windows). The a.out is from before
bramble06:~/demo211> ls
a.out hello hello.cpp hello.o hellomain.cpp
hellomain.o
The “.” is used to denote the current directory, which,
by default, is not in the search path used to locate
programs
bramble06:~/demo211> ./hello
Hello world!
bramble06:~/demo211>

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Managing Projects with make
• Managing projects with several source
files can be tedious
• When you modify a source file, you
need to recompile that file, and re-link
• The make command recompiles any
out-of-date files automatically
• Useful for tasks such as cleaning up
unnecessary files or changing compiler
options
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 Creating Makefiles
• The make command uses a file called
Makefile to determine how to proceed
• Makefile contains rules of the form
target: prerequisites
command
where command builds target from
the prerequisites
• Can define variables for convenience
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 Sample Makefile
# All object files that must be linked into final executable
OBJ= hello.o hellomain.o

# Rule for building executable from object files

# $@ is shorthand for the target of the rule
hello: ${OBJ}
c++ -o $@ ${OBJ}

# Rule for compiling individual sources files into object files

# $< is shorthand for the first prerequisite
${OBJ}: %.o: %.cpp
c++ -c $<

# Rule to clean up all output files

clean:
rm -f hello ${OBJ}

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 Using make
With the Makefile, building executable is easy!
bramble06:~/demo211> make
c++ -c hello.cpp
c++ -c hellomain.cpp
c++ -o hello hello.o hellomain.o
Reset hello.cpp’s modified time to force
recompile
bramble06:~/demo211> touch hello.cpp
Note that only hello.cpp is recompiled
bramble06:~/demo211> make
c++ -c hello.cpp
c++ -o hello hello.o hellomain.o
This removes all output files
bramble06:~/demo211> make clean
rm -f hello hello.o hellomain.o

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 Alternative Approaches
• Can edit source files on your computer,
and transfer using SecureFX (available
on Essential Software page), or Fetch
if you’re using a Mac
• Can do all of your work in Windows
using MinGW Developer Studio
• In this case, should still compile and run
final program on elaine before
submitting
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 MinGW Developer Studio
• Abbreviated as MDS
• Available from
http://www.parinyasoft.com/
• MDS is an Integrated Development
Environment (IDE), with editing,
compiling and debugging performed
inside the studio
• Uses gcc compiler
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Launching MDS

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Creating a New Project

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MDS Project View

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Adding a New Source File

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Typing in Your Code

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Building the Executable

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The Build Process

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Executing in MDS

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Execution of Console App

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 What About Mac Users?
• Mac OS X is built on top of FreeBSD
UNIX, so Linux discussion applies
• Can use ssh to connect to elaine
• OS X does not come with GNU
compilers
• Can obtain freely from Apple Developer
Connection by downloading xcode
package (registration required)
• Visit http://connect.apple.com
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 Next Time
Learning some fundamentals of C++
• Program Structure
• Simple Variables
• Literals
• Types
• Basic Exception Handling

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