CSC1214 BASIC COMPUTING

Chapter 2
System Unit
1
Objectives Overview

Differentiate among various Describe the control unit

Identify chips, adapter
styles of system units on and arithmetic logic unit
cards, and other
desktop computers, components of a processor,
components of a
notebook computers, and and explain the four steps
motherboard
mobile devices in a machine cycle

Identify characteristics of
various personal computer Define a bit and describe Explain how program
processors on the market how a series of bits instructions transfer in and
today, and describe the represents data out of memory
ways processors are cooled

2
Objectives Overview

Differentiate between a port and

Describe the purpose and types
a connector, and explain the
of expansion slots and adapter
Differentiate among the various differences among a USB port,
cards, and differentiate among
types of memory FireWire port, Bluetooth port,
slots for various removable flash
SCSI port, eSATA port, IrDA port,
memory devices
serial port, and MIDI port

Explain the purpose of a power Understand how to clean a

Describe the types of buses in a
supply and describe how it keeps system unit on a computer or
computer
cool mobile device

3
The System Unit

• The system unit is

a case that
contains
electronic
components of
the computer
used to process
data

4
The System Unit

• The inside of the system unit on a desktop

personal computer includes:
Drive bay(s)

Power supply

Sound card

Video card

Processor

Memory
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The System Unit

• The motherboard is the main circuit board of the

system unit
– A computer chip contains integrated circuits

6
Processor

• The processor, also called the central processing

unit (CPU), interprets 翻译 and carries out the
basic instructions that operate a computer
– Contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit
(ALU)

Multi-core Dual-core Quad-core

processor processor processor

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Processor

8
Processor

• The control unit is the component of the

processor that directs and coordinates most of
the operations in the computer
• The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs
arithmetic, comparison, and other operations

 Control unit and Arithmetic Logic Unit are the component

of processor.

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Processor

• For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of

four basic operations, which comprise a machine
cycle

10
Processor

• Most current personal

computers support
pipelining
– Processor begins
fetching a second
instruction before it
completes the machine
cycle for the first
instruction

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Processor

The processor contains registers, that

temporarily hold data and
instructions
The system clock controls the timing
of all computer operations
• The pace of the system clock is called the clock
speed, and is measured in gigahertz (GHz)
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Processor

• The leading
manufacturers of
personal computer
processor chips are Intel
and AMD

13
Processor

• Determine how you plan to use a new computer

before selecting a processor

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Processor

• A processor chip
generates heat that
could cause the chip to
burn up
• Require additional
cooling
– Heat sinks
– Liquid cooling
technology

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Processor

• Parallel processing uses multiple processors

simultaneously to execute a single program or task
– Massively parallel processing involves hundreds or thousands of
processors

16
Data Representation

Analog signals are continuous and vary in

strength and quality

Digital signals are in one of two states: on

or off
• Most computers are digital
• The binary system uses two unique digits (0 and 1)
• Bits(0/1) and bytes(10110100)
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Data Representation
A computer circuit represents the 0 Eight bits grouped together as a
or the 1 electronically by the unit are called a byte. A byte
presence or absence of an represents a single character in the
electrical charge computer

18
Data Representation

• ASCII (American
Standard Code for
Information
Interchange) is the most
widely used coding
scheme to represent
data

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Data Representation

20
Memory

• Memory consists of electronic components that

store instructions waiting to be executed by the
processor, data needed by those instructions, and
the results of processing the data
• Stores three basic categories of items:
Data being
The operating
Application processed and the
system and other
programs resulting
system software
information

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Memory

• Each location in memory has an address

• Memory size is measured in kilobytes (KB or K),
megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), or terabytes
(TB)

22
Memory

• The system unit contains two types of memory:

Nonvolatile
Volatile memory
memory
Loses its contents when Does not lose contents
power is turned off when power is removed

Examples include ROM,

Example includes RAM flash memory, and
CMOS

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Memory

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Memory

• Three basic types of RAM chips exist:

Dynamic RAM Magnetoresistive
Static RAM (SRAM)
(DRAM) RAM (MRAM)

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Memory

• RAM chips usually reside on a memory module

and are inserted into memory slots

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Memory

• The amount of RAM necessary in a computer

often depends on the types of software you plan
to use

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Memory

• Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer

because it stores frequently used instructions and data

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Memory

Read-only memory (ROM) refers to memory chips

storing permanent data and instructions
• Firmware

A PROM (programmable read-only memory) chip is

a blank ROM chip that can be written to
permanently
• EEPROM can be erased

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Memory

• Flash memory can be erased electronically and

rewritten
– CMOS technology provides high speeds and consumes
little power

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Memory

• Access time is the amount of time it takes the

processor to read from memory
– Measured in nanoseconds

31
Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards

• An expansion slot is a
socket on the motherboard
that can hold an adapter
card
• An adapter card enhances
functions of a component of
the system unit and/or
provides connections to
peripherals
– Sound card and video card

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Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards

• With Plug and Play, the computer automatically

can configure 安装 adapter cards and other
peripherals as you install them

33
Expansion Slots and Adapter Cards

• Removable flash memory includes(example):

– Memory cards, USB flash drives(pendrive), and PC
Cards/ExpressCard modules

34
Ports and Connectors

A port is the point at which a peripheral attaches to

or communicates with a system unit (sometimes
referred to as a jack)

A connector joins a cable to a port

35
Ports and Connectors

36
Ports and Connectors

• On a notebook computer, the ports are on the

back, front, and/or sides

37
Ports and Connectors

38
Ports and Connectors

• A USB port can connect up to 127 different

peripherals together with a single connector
– You can attach multiple peripherals using a single USB
port with a USB hub

39
Ports and Connectors

• Other types of ports include:

Firewire Bluetooth
SCSI port
port port

eSATA port IrDA port Serial port

MIDI port

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Ports and Connectors
A Bluetooth wireless port A smart phone might
adapter converts a USB port into communicate with a notebook
a Bluetooth port computer using an IrDA port

41
Ports and Connectors
• A port replicator is an
external device that
provides connections to
peripherals through ports
built into the device
• A docking station is an
external device that
attaches to a mobile
computer or device

42
Buses

• A bus allows the various

devices both inside and
attached to the system
unit to communicate with
each other
– Data bus
– Address bus
• Word size is the number
of bits of the processor
can interpret and execute
at a given time

43
Buses

• Expansion slots connect to expansion buses

• Common types of expansion buses include:

PCI Express Accelerated

PCI bus
bus Graphics Port

USB and
PC Card bus
FireWire bus

44
Bays

• A bay is an opening
inside the system unit in
which you can install
additional equipment
– A drive bay typically
holds disk drives

45
Power Supply

The power supply converts the wall

outlet AC power into DC power

Some external peripherals have an AC

adapter, which is an external power
supply
46
Putting It All Together

Home Small Office/ Mobile

Intel Core i5 or Home Office Intel Core i7 Extreme or
Intel Core 2 i3 or Intel Core i7 or Intel Core i7 or
AMD Athlon II or Intel Core i7 Extreme or AMD Phenom II or
AMD Sempron AMD Phenom II or AMD Turion II
AMD Athlon II
Minimum RAM: 2 GB Minimum RAM: 2 GB
Minimum RAM: 4 GB

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Putting It All Together

Power Enterprise
Intel Xeon or Intel Core i7 or
Intel Itanium or Intel Core i7 Extreme
AMD Opteron or AMD Phenom II or
Minimum RAM: 8 GB AMD Athlon II

Minimum RAM: 4 GB

48
Keeping Your Computer
or Mobile Device Clean

Clean your computer or mobile device once or twice a year

Turn off and unplug your computer or mobile device before

cleaning it

Use compressed air to blow away dust

Use an antistatic wipe to clean the exterior of the case and a

cleaning solution and soft cloth to clean the screen
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Summary

Sequence of operations
How memory stores
Components of the that occur when a
data, instructions, and
system unit computer executes an
information
instruction

Comparison of various
How to clean the
personal computer
exterior and interior of
processors on the
a system unit
market today

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