Matrices

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 Matrix
• A Matrix is an array of numbers:

• We talk about one matrix, or several matrices.

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 Matrix Operations
• Addition
• To add two matrices: add the numbers in the
matching positions:

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 Matrix Operations
• For addition and subtraction, the two matrices
must be the same size, i.e. the rows must match
in size, and the columns must match in size.
• Example: a matrix with 3 rows and 5
columns can be added to another matrix of 3
rows and 5 columns.
• But it could not be added to a matrix with 3
rows and 4 columns (the columns don't match
in size)
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 Matrix Operations
• Subtraction
• The negative of a matrix is also simple:

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 Matrix Operations
• Multiplication
• We can multiply a matrix by a constant (the
value 2 in this case):
We call the
constant a scalar,
so officially this is
called "scalar
multiplication".

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 Matrix Operations
• But to multiply a matrix by another matrix we
need to do the "dot product" of rows and
columns ... what does that mean? Let us see
with an example:
• To work out the answer for the 1st row and 1st
column:

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 Matrix Operations

• Want to see another example? Here it is for

the 1st row and 2nd column:
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 Matrix Operations
• Dividing
• And what about division? Well we don't actually
divide matrices, we do it this way:

• So we don't divide, instead we multiply by an

inverse. And there are special ways to find the
Inverse

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 Matrix Operations
• Transpose of a matrix
• To "transpose" a matrix, swap the rows and
columns.
• We put a "T" in the top right-hand corner to
mean transpose:

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 Matrix Operations
• Identity Matrix
• The "Identity Matrix" is the matrix equivalent of the
number "1":

• It is "square" (has same number of rows as columns)

• It has 1s on the main diagonal and 0s everywhere else
• It is a special matrix, because when we multiply by it,
the original is unchanged:
• A×I=A
I×A=A 15
 Determinant of a Matrix
• Determinant of a Matrix
• The determinant of a matrix is a special
number that can be calculated from a 
square matrix.

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 Determinant of a Matrix
• What is it for?
• The determinant tells us things about the matrix that
are useful in systems of linear equations, helps us find
the inverse of a matrix, is useful in calculus and more.
• Symbol
• The symbol for determinant is two vertical lines
either side.
• Example:
• |A| means the determinant of the matrix A

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 Determinant of a Matrix
• Calculating the Determinant
• First of all the matrix must be square (i.e. have
the same number of rows as columns). Then it
is just basic arithmetic. Here is how:

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 Determinant of a Matrix
• For a 2×2 Matrix
• For a 2×2 matrix (2 rows and 2 columns):

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Determinant of a Matrix

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 Determinant of a Matrix
• For a 3×3 Matrix

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Determinant of a Matrix

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Determinant of a Matrix

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 Inverse of a Matrix
What is the Inverse of a Matrix?
• This is the reciprocal of • The Inverse of a
a number: Matrix is the same
idea but we write it A-1

Why not 1/A ?  Because we don't divide by a matrix! And

anyway 1/8 can also be written 8-1 24
Inverse of a Matrix

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 Inverse of a Matrix
• Definition

• 2x2 Matrix
• OK, how do we calculate the inverse?
• Well, for a 2x2 matrix the inverse is:
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 Inverse of a Matrix

• In other words: swap the positions of a and d,

put negatives in front of b and c,
and divide everything by the determinant (ad-
bc).
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 Inverse of a Matrix
• Let us try an example:

How do we know this is the right answer?

Remember it must be true that: A × A-1 = I
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 Inverse of a Matrix
• So, let us check to see what happens when
we multiply the matrix by its inverse:

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 Inverse of a Matrix
• The Inverse May Not Exist
• First of all, to have an inverse the matrix must
be "square" (same number of rows and
columns).
• But also the determinant cannot be zero (or
we end up dividing by zero). How about this:

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 Inverse of a Matrix
• 24-24? That equals 0, and 1/0 is undefined.
We cannot go any further! This Matrix has no
Inverse.
• Such a matrix is called "Singular", which only
happens when the determinant is zero.

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 Inverse of a Matrix
• Bigger Matrices
• The inverse of a 2x2 is easy ... compared to larger
matrices (such as a 3x3, 4x4, etc).
• For those larger matrices there are three main
methods to work out the inverse:
• Inverse of a Matrix using Elementary Row Operatio
ns (Gauss-Jordan)
• Inverse of a Matrix using Minors, Cofactors and
Adjugate
• Use a computer (such as the Matrix Calculator)
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• Now we do our best to turn "A" (the Matrix on the left)
into an Identity Matrix. The goal is to make Matrix A
have 1s on the diagonal and 0s elsewhere (an Identity
Matrix) ... and the right hand side comes along for the
ride, with every operation being done on it as well.
• But we can only do these "Elementary Row
Operations":
• swap rows
• multiply or divide each element in a row by a constant
• replace a row by adding or subtracting a multiple of
another row to it

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• And note: there is no "right way" to do this,
just keep playing around until we succeed!
• (Compare this answer with the one we got on 
Inverse of a Matrix using Minors, Cofactors an
d
Adjugate. Is it the same? Which method do
you prefer?)

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Assignment

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 Inverse of a Matrix
using Minors, Cofactors and Adjugate
• We can calculate the Inverse of a Matrix by:
• Step 1: calculating the Matrix of Minors,
• Step 2: then turn that into the Matrix of
Cofactors,
• Step 3: then the Adjugate, and
• Step 4: multiply that by 1/Determinant.
• But it is best explained by working through an
example!
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 Inverse of a Matrix
using Minors, Cofactors and Adjugate
• Example: find the Inverse of A:

• Step 1: Matrix of Minors

• The first step is to create a "Matrix of Minors".
• For each element of the matrix:
• ignore the values on the current row and column
• calculate the determinant of the remaining values
• Put those determinants into a matrix (the "Matrix of
Minors")
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 Inverse of a Matrix
using Minors, Cofactors and Adjugate
• Here are the first two, and last two,
calculations of the "Matrix of Minors" (notice
how I ignore the values in the current row and
columns, and calculate the determinant using
the remaining values):

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 Inverse of a Matrix
using Minors, Cofactors and Adjugate
• And here is the calculation for the whole
matrix:

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 Inverse of a Matrix
using Minors, Cofactors and Adjugate
• Step 2: Matrix of Cofactors
• This is easy! Just apply a
"checkerboard" of minuses to the
"Matrix of Minors". In other words,
we need to change the sign of
alternate cells, like this:

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 Inverse of a Matrix
using Minors, Cofactors and Adjugate
• Step 3: Adjugate (also called Adjoint)
• Now "Transpose" all elements of the previous
(cofactor matrix) matrix... in other words swap
their positions over the diagonal (the diagonal
stays the same):

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 Inverse of a Matrix
using Minors, Cofactors and Adjugate
• Step 4: Multiply by 1/Determinant
• Now find the determinant of the original matrix.
This isn't too hard, because we already calculated
the determinants of the smaller parts when we
did "Matrix of Minors".

• In practice we can just multiply each of the top

row elements by the cofactor for the same
location: 49
 Inverse of a Matrix
using Minors, Cofactors and Adjugate
• Elements of top row: 3, 0, 2
Cofactors for top row: 2, −2, 2
• Determinant = 3×2 + 0×(−2) + 2×2 = 10
• (Just for fun: try this for any other row or
column, they should also get 10.)

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 Inverse of a Matrix
using Minors, Cofactors and Adjugate
• And now multiply the Adjugate by
1/Determinant:

• And we are done!

• Compare this answer with the one we got on 
Inverse of a Matrix using Elementary Row Ope
rations
. Is it the same? Which method do you prefer?
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 Inverse of a Matrix
using Minors, Cofactors and Adjugate
• Larger Matrices
• It is exactly the same steps for larger matrices
(such as a 4×4, 5×5, etc), but wow! there is a
lot of calculation involved.
• For a 4×4 Matrix we have to calculate 16 3×3
determinants. So it is often easier to use
computers (such as the Matrix Calculator.)

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 Inverse of a Matrix
using Minors, Cofactors and Adjugate

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 Exercise
• Determine the inverse of the following matrix
by using elementary row operations and by
using minors and cofactors method

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Application of Matrices

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Application of Matrices

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Application of Matrices Addition and
Subtraction

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Application of Matrices Addition and
Subtraction

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Application of Matrices Addition and
Subtraction

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Application of Matrices Addition and
Subtraction

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Application of Matrix Multiplication

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Application of Matrix Multiplication

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Application of Matrix Multiplication

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Application of Matrix Multiplication

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Application of Matrix Multiplication

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Application of Matrix Multiplication

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Application of Matrix Multiplication

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Application of Matrices

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Application of Matrices

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Application of Matrices

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