8A Food and Digestion

Food and digestion
1 of 27 © Boardworks Ltd 2007

Objectives
• Differentiate between mechanical and chemical
breakdown of food
• Relate the structure of teeth to role in mechanical
breakdown
• Draw and label diagram of a tooth
• Describe ways to care for the teeth
• Describe the processes involved in human nutrition
• Tests for protein, starch, fats and simple sugars in foods
• Ste the role of selected enzymes in digestion
• State the final products of digestion
• Interpret data on nutrition

A balanced diet

Why do we need food?
Humans need to have a balanced diet which
contains a variety of different types of food.
The main nutrients that the body needs are:
 carbohydrates for energy
 proteins for growth and repair
 fats to store energy
 vitamins and minerals to
keep the body healthy.
The amount of each food type needed is related to the
proportions in the food pyramid.
Which food type does the body need the most of?

Nutrients in food

What is a balanced diet?

What are carbohydrates?
Starchy foods contain carbohydrates, which are made
of long chains of identical, small sugar molecules.
one sugar molecule
carbohydrate molecule
The body breaks down long chains of carbohydrates into

the smaller sugar molecules.
These small sugar molecules are used by the body to

release energy and make the body work.

What are proteins?
Proteins, like carbohydrates, are made of long chains of

small molecules. In proteins, these small molecules are
not identical.
one amino acid
protein molecule
Proteins are made up of chains of small molecules called
amino acids. There are over 20 different kinds of amino acid.
Proteins are used by the body for growth and repair.

What are fats?
Fats are made up of fat molecules, which contain fatty
acids and glycerol.
glycerol fatty acids
fat molecule
Fat molecules have to be broken down by the body so
that they can be used for energy storage.
Fats are also used by the body to keep heat in and to

make cell membranes.
The digestive system

What is digestion?
The body carries out digestion of food to convert large
insoluble food molecules into smaller soluble ones.
carbohydrate
molecule
fat
protein molecule
molecule
Large food molecules cannot pass through the walls of the

small intestine. Small food molecules can do this when
dissolved in the bloodstream. Why is this important?

The process of digestion

The stomach
After food is swallowed, it enters the stomach, which is a
muscular bag filled with hydrochloric acid.
food enters from the gullet
muscle tissue
food leaves the stomach
Two things happen to food in the stomach:

 the chemical breakdown of food begins
 microbes are destroyed.
From the stomach, food enters the small intestine where

digestion is completed and the small digested food
molecules are absorbed into the bloodstream.

The large intestine
After the small intestine, the remains of any undigested
food travel to the large intestine.
liver stomach
All that is left of the food is water
and waste material.
The water is valuable and so is

absorbed in the large intestine
into the bloodstream.
The waste material cannot be

digested or used by the body.
This undigested waste travels to
large
the rectum where it is stored until small intestine
leaving the body through the anus. intestine

The large intestine

Summary

Digestive enzymes
How do digestive enzymes help the process of digestion?

Different types of digestive enzymes
Digestive enzymes are the chemicals that break large
insoluble food molecules into smaller soluble molecules.
Digestive enzymes are classified by the type of food that

they affect; there are three main types:
 carbohydrase – breaks
carbohydrate into smaller
sugars
 protease – breaks protein
into amino acids
 lipase – breaks fat into
fatty acids and glycerol.

How do enzymes work?

Carbohydrate digestion
Carbohydrates are chains of identical sugar molecules.
The digestive enzyme called carbohydrase breaks the
chemical bonds between the individual sugar molecules
in each carbohydrate chain.
carbohydrase
long carbohydrate sugar molecules

molecule
Protein digestion
Proteins are made up of amino acids. There are over 20
different types of amino acids.
Proteins are digested by digestive enzymes called proteases.
These enzymes work in an acidic environment to break
proteins into smaller amino acids.
protease
long protein molecule amino acid molecules

Fat digestion
Fats are digested in two stages.
Firstly, bile (released by the gall bladder) allows the fat
to ‘mix’ with water by breaking the fat into smaller
droplets. This is called emulsification.
bile
Secondly, the digestive enzyme lipase breaks each fat

molecule into the smaller glycerol and fatty acid molecules.
lipase +
fat molecule glycerol fatty acids

Which enzyme?

Summary activities

Glossary
 carbohydrate – A nutrient in food that provides energy.
 enzyme – A chemical that helps digestion by breaking
large molecules into smaller ones.
 fat – A nutrient in food that provides a store of energy.
 large intestine – The organ where water is removed from
undigested food.
 minerals – Compounds in food that provide the elements
needed in small amounts for a healthy diet.
 protein – A nutrient in food needed for growth and repair.
 small intestine – The organ where digestion is
completed and digested food molecules are absorbed.
 stomach – The organ where food is mixed with acid and
enzymes.
 vitamins – Substances found in food that are needed in
small amounts.
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Food and digestion

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one sugar molecule

The body breaks down long chains of carbohydrates into

These small sugar molecules are used by the body to

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Proteins, like carbohydrates, are made of long chains of

Proteins are used by the body for growth and repair.

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glycerol fatty acids

Fats are also used by the body to keep heat in and to

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Large food molecules cannot pass through the walls of the

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Two things happen to food in the stomach:

From the stomach, food enters the small intestine where

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The water is valuable and so is

The waste material cannot be

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Digestive enzymes are classified by the type of food that

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long carbohydrate sugar molecules

long protein molecule amino acid molecules

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Secondly, the digestive enzyme lipase breaks each fat

fat molecule glycerol fatty acids

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