Cytology

CYTOLOGY
CONTENT
Lesson-1
 What is a cell and cell theory
 Evolution of the cell
 Classification based on number
Lesson-2
 Structure of the cell-plasma membrane
 Chemical constituents
 Membrane proteins
 Cell organelles
Lesson-3
Transport of nutrients across a cell
 Passive transport
 Simple diffusion
 Facilitated diffusion
 Active transport
 Sodium potassium pump
What is a cell ??
Definition-the basic structural and functional unit of cellular
organisms is the cell.
Robert hooke first discovered cells in a piece of cork
and coined the word cell.It’s derived from the word
cellula which means small compartment but he only
observed dead cells without its inner contents.
Anton leeuwenhoek was the first person who observed
living cellsunder a microscope and could tell the
internal architecture of cells.

Cell theory?
In 1839 Schleiden and Shwann Botanist and Zoologist
respectively developed the cell theory-All living things are made
up of cells and cell is basic structural and functional unit of life.

Rudolf Virchow gave an extension to this theory that all living
cells arise from pre-existing cells.
Modern cell theory-

 All cellular organisms are made up of one or more cells
 All cells arise from pre-existing cell division.
 Energy flow occurs within cells.
 Cells contain hereditary information[DNA] which is passed from
cell to cell.
 All cells have basically same chemical composition.
Evolution of the cell?
Around three Some primary

billion years compounds And they were
organisms had and used it
ago there was some primary
the capability
a rich mixture to absorb to make photosynthetic
of organic other bacteria that
energy from
compounds molecules. lead
these
Phospholipid is So as a result
to the fixation With nucleus
the one early cells
of these and
common gave rise to
compounds
into other
compound other organelles
used to form advanced without
carbon
cell prokaryotic membrane.
compounds
membrane. cells
Prokaryotic and
eukaryotic cell
 As cells acquired more DNA it starts
folding compactly with specific
proteins.
 These DNA-protein complexes called
chromosomes become compact.
 As in the eukaryotic cells nucleus
contains most of the cells DNA ,it is
enclosed by double layer of
membrane.
 And same is the case with organelles
they are surrounded by a membrane
in eukaryotes
 And prokaryotes are with only few
organelles which are without a
membrane
Unicellular organisms-
They
 are made up of a single cell
They are irregular in shape

They reproduce asexually

Entire processes of life is

carried out by single cell
through cell organelle.
Cell differentiation is absent.

Some special cell has power of

regeneration.

Multicellular
organisms-
 Organisms that consist
of more than one cell.
 Cells undergo
differentiation that is
division in a specific
way until the cell
becomes specialised
structure.
 Cell becomes efficient
in one process and are
dependent upon others
for necessities.Basic
functions are divided
among cells,tissues and
organs of the
multicellular
organisms.
Structure of the cell-
PLASMA MEMBRANE-
• It is the external boundary of cells.
• It is a lipid bilayer made up of lipid molecules
• Many lipid molecules whose head group is hydrophilic and tail
portion
is hydrophobic.
• All tail groups are aligned to the interior position and hydrophilic
head groups are towards outer side of the membrane.
Chemical composition of the membrane-

The plasma membrane of human RBC contains 43 percent lipid and
49 percent protein by weight.Carbohydrates bound either to
proteins as constituents of glycoproteins or to lipid as
glycolipids.Three classes of lipid present in bilayer.
e.g.- Phospholipid,Glycolipid and Sterol.
 MEMBRANE PROTEINS-
Proteins that are held bind to membrane and do

in the lipid bilayer very tightly interact with hydrophobic
which have one or more interior core.
segments embedded in the bind with integral membrane
layer. protein.
e.g.Glycophorin e.g.Spectrin and ankyrin of RBCs.
The internal composition of cell is maintained
because of the selective permeability of
plasma membrane.
Most biological molecules are unable to

diffuse but small non-polar molecules such as
oxygen and carbon-di-oxide readily dissolve
in lipid bilayer.Small uncharged polar
molecules such as water and urea also diffuse
Transport across the membrane.These are two types:
across a ACTIVE TRANSPORT-It occurs against the

concentration gradient and metabolic energy
cell? is used move ions or molecules from their low

concentration to high concentration.
PASSIVE TRANSPORT-It occurs along the

concentration gradient without the use of
metabolic energy.it not only depends on
concentration of ions but the net charge over
them which generates a membrane
potential.so ions also move down the electric
potential gradient.
Through diffusion across membrane-
Sodium potassium transport
with glucose-
This is common example of active
transport that is transport of sodium and
glucose.
Glucose is actively transported into the
cell by sodium driven glucose symporters
which transport two molecules in the
same direction .
onemolecule that is sodium moves along
the concentration gradient and the other
molecule glucose moves from low to high
concentration.
once the sodium is moved inside of the
cell then sodium potassium pump gets
activated and and sodium is pumped
back out of the cell and so accordingly
potassium ions move inside of the cell
whereas a transporter GLUT takes
glucose out of the cell through simple

Cytology

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CYTOLOGY

and coined the word cell.It’s derived from the word

cellula which means small compartment but he only

observed dead cells without its inner contents.

Anton leeuwenhoek was the first person who observed

living cellsunder a microscope and could tell the

internal architecture of cells.

respectively developed the cell theory-All living things are made

up of cells and cell is basic structural and functional unit of life.

Modern cell theory-

Around three Some primary

Chemical composition of the membrane-

Proteins that are held bind to membrane and do

Most biological molecules are unable to

across a ACTIVE TRANSPORT-It occurs against the

cell? is used move ions or molecules from their low

PASSIVE TRANSPORT-It occurs along the

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