OSI Reference Model

Objectives
 Data communication among
heterogeneous systems – difficulties and
solutions
 The need for layered architecture
 Design issues for the layers
 The OSI model

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Network complexities
 Different types of hardware and software
 Different operating systems
 Different types of data to be transferred –
text, images, music, video, etc
 Data must be transferred without errors
 Many different paths may have to be taken

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Network complexities
 Data formats and data exchange
conventions vary between manufacturers
 E.g.,ASCII, UNICODE, EBCDIC(Extended
Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code),
etc.

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Solution:
 This can be resolved only if computers
follow certain common set of rules or
protocols

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What is a protocol?
 It is a formal description of message
formats and the rules that two computers
must follow in order to exchange
messages.

 This set of rules describes how data is

transmitted over a network.

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Why are protocols needed?
 Protocols are needed for communication
between any two devices.
 In what format will the messages be transmitted?
 At what speed should messages be transmitted?
 What to do if errors take place?

 What to do if parts of a message are lost?

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Protocols in daily life
 How does conversation take place between
human beings
 “Hello”

“Goodbye”

Handshake
 Letters
 “Dear Sir”
 “Yours faithfully”
 No splleing mistakes !

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Network Model

Network model - A method of describing and
analyzing data communications networks by
breaking the aentire
process into numberset of
of layers.
communications

 Each layer has a specific function

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 Open Systems Interconnect (OSI)
Model
 Who made:
 International Standards Organization (ISO)
 A Model of How Protocols and Networking
Components Could be Made
 “Open” means the concepts are non-
proprietary; can be used by anyone.
 OSI is not a protocol. It is a model for
understanding and designing a network
architecture that is flexible and robust.
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 Open Systems Interconnect (OSI)
Model
 The OSI model describes
how data flows from one
 computer, through a network
to another computer
The OSI model divides the tasks involved with
 moving information between networked computers
into 7 smaller, more manageable sub-task .
 A task is then assigned to each of the seven OSI
layers.
Each layer is reasonably self-contained so that the
tasks assigned to each layer can be implemented
independently. 11
7-layer OSI model
 Why so many layers?
 Toreduce complexity, networks are organized
as a stack of layers, one below the other.

 Each layer performs a specific task. It

provides services to an adjacent layer

 This
is similar to the concept of a function in
programming languages – function does a
specific task
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Layered Approach

Peers
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Layered Approach
 The entities comprising the corresponding layers on
different machines are called peers

 It is the peers that communicate by using the protocols

 Actually, data is not transferred from layer n on one

machine to layer n on another machine

 Each layer passes data and control information to the

layer immediately below it, until the lowest layer is
reached

 Actual data communication takes place through the

lowest layer – the physical layer
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Design Issues for the Layers
 Addressing
 Error control
 Order of messages must be preserved
 Flow control – fast sender and slow !
 receiver
Disassembling, transmitting, and reassembling
large messages
 Multiplexing / de-multiplexing
 Routing

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 OSI model did not fully implemented.
 TCP/IP was used and tested extensively
in the internet.

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The Layers of the OSI Model
Application
Presentation
Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
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The Layers of the OSI Model
Some Mnemonics
All Application Please
People Presentation Do
Seem Session Not
To Tell
Transport
Need Secret
Network
Data Passw
Data Link ords
Proces
sing Physical Anytime

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Physical layer
 Coordinates the functions required to carry
a bit stream over physical medium.
 It deals with a electrical and mechanical
specifications of the interface and
transmission medium(type of medium).
 It responsible for movements of individual
bits from one hop(node) to the next.

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Physical layer
• Specifications for the physical
components of the network. Application
• Functions of Physical Layer:
• Bit representation – encode bits(0’s and 1’s)
into electrical or optical signals
Presentation
• Transmission rate – The number of bits sent
each second Session
• Physical characteristics of transmission
media Transpo
• Synchronizing the sender and receiver
clocks(both are not have same bit rate). rt
• Line Configuration The physical layer is
concerned with the connection of devices to
the media.(point-to-point (or) multipoint)
Network
Transmission mode – simplex, half-duplex,
•
full duplex Data Link
• Physical Topology – how devices are
Physical
connected – ring, star, mesh, bus topology

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Physical Layer

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Data Link Layer
Responsible for delivery of data between two
systems on the same network(hop to hop delivery)
Main functions of this layer are:
• Framing – divides the stream of bits Application
received from network layer into
manageable data units called frames.
• Physical Addressing – Add a header
Presentation
to the
frame to define the physical address
of the Session
•
source and the destination
machines(MAC). Transpor
Flow control – If the receiver is less than t
rate of at which data are produced in the
sender.[The flow control mechanism to
avoid overwhelming the receiver] Network
Data Link
Physical
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Data Link Layer
• Error Control – Adds relaibility mechanisms
to detect and retransmit damaged or lost
frames. This is achieved by adding a trailer
to the end of a frame Application
Also, recognize duplicate frames.
Presentation
• Access Control –When two (or) more
devices connected to the same link, then
this layer protocol determine which devices Session
has control over the link at any given time.
Transpor
t
Network
Data Link
Physical
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Data Link Layer

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Data Link Layer

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Network Layer
Application
Main functions of this layer are:
• Responsible for delivery of packets Presentation
across multiple(sou to des delivery)
networks[Note: if two systems are Session
connected to the same link there is
no need for a n/w layer] Transpor
• Logical Addressing:The physical t
Network
addressing implemented by the
data link layer handles the Data Link
addressing problem locally(MAC)
• When it passes the boundary the n/w Physical
layer adds a header to the packet(IP)
coming from the upper layer(include
logical address of sender and receiver) 34
Network Layer
Application
Main functions of this layer are:
Presentation
• Routing – Independent networks
(or) large n/w, the connecting Session
device(Router or switch)
• Router the packets to the final
Transpor
destrination. t
Network
• Network layer is responsible only
for delivery of individual packets Data Link
and it does not recognize any Physical
relationship between those
packets.
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Network Layer

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Network Layer

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Transport Layer
• Responsible for source-to-
destination delivery of the entire Application
message.
Main functions of this layer are: Presentation
• Segmentation and reassembly –
divide message into smaller Session
segments, add sequence number Transport
them and transmit. Reassemble
these messages at the receiving Network
end.
• Error control – make sure that the Data Li
entire message arrives without nk
errors – else retransmit.
Physical 38
Transport Layer
Service point addressing:
Compuer often run several programs at a same
time.
Sou-to-des not only from one computer to next. Application
The transport layer header must therefore include
a address called service point address[port
address]
Presentation
Connection control:
Session
Connectionless- Each segment as a individual
& delivery to the destination. Transport
Connection oriented- Fist establish a
connection with the transport layer at the Network
destination before the packets send.
After all data packets delivered, then the Data Li
connection is terminated. nk
Physical 39
Transport Layer
A port is identified for each address and protocol by
a 16-bit number, commonly known as the port
number.
A port number is a 16-bit unsigned integer, thus
ranging from 1 to 65535 (port number 0 is
reserved and can't be used).
Transport Layer protocols, such as the
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) and the
User Datagram Protocol (UDP), specify a source
and destination port number in their packet
headers.

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Transport Layer

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Transport Layer

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 Session Layer Application

First three layers not sufficient for Presentation

some processes.session layer
establishes, maintains and Session
synchronizes the interaction Transport
among communicating systems.
Network
Main functions of this layer are:
Data Link
• Dialog control – allows two systems
to enter into a dialog, keep a track of Physical
whose turn it is to transmit
• Synchronization – adds check points
(synchronization points) into stream
of data. 43
Session Layer
From Presentation Layer To Presentation Layer

Session Layer Session Layer

H5 H5

syn syn syn syn syn syn

To Transport Layer From Transport Layer

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Presentation Layer
Responsibilities of this layer are: Application
• Translation
Different computers use different
•
Presentation
encoding systems (bit order
translation)
• Convert data into a
Session
common format before Transport
• transmitting.

Syntax represents info such as

character codes - how many bits to Network
represent data
• Compression – 8 or 7 bits
– reduce number of
Data Link
bits to be transmitted
Physical
Presentation Layer
Application
• Encryption – transform data into an
unintelligible format at the sending Presentation
end for data security
• Decryption – at the receiving end Session
Transport
Network
Data Link
Physical
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Application Layer
•Contains protocols that allow the Application
users to access the network (FTP,
HTTP, SMTP, etc)
Presentation
• Does not include application
programs such as email, browsers, Session
word processing applications, etc.
• Protocols contain utilities and Transport
network-based services that support Network
email via SMTP, Internet access via
HTTP, file transfer via FTP, etc Data Link
Physical
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Application Layer

To Presentation Layer From Presentation Layer

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Summary of Functions of Layers
To allow access to
Application network resources
To translate, encrypt
and compress data Presentation
To establish, manage
Session & terminate sessions
To provide reliable
end-to-end message Transport
delivery
To move packets from
Network source to destination
To organise bits into
frames Data Link
To transmit bits over
Physical a medium & provide
electrical specs.

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 Lyer 1-3-are the network support layer.
 (they deal with the physical aspects of
moving data from one device to another)
 Layer4- links the two subgroups
 Layer 6-7-can be thought of as the user
support layers(Allow interoperability
among unrelated software system)

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