Fallacy

In pairs, get 10 different print advertisements that
contain logical fallacies. Analyze these ads

carefully by identifying the fallacious statement
and their types. If there are multiple fallacies in
one ad, choose the most glaring. Use the
following table as your format.
Product/ brand Fallacious statement Type of logical fallacy
LOGICAL FALLACIES
The learner should be able to…
1.Classify the different logical fallacies

2.Explain each through a recitation
3.Analyze each statement given
4.Display teamwork through a group activity
5. Write examples for every logical fallacy
False dilemma
Appeal to ignorance
Slippery slope
Appeal to force
Appeal to pity
Appeal to consequences
Bandwagon
Attacking the person
Appeal to authority
Anonymous authority
Hasty generalization
LET’S WARM UP!
Classify the different logical fallacies through a HASHTAG#

A group of 5 members
Create a hashtag for every logical fallacy
Be ready to present your work
Explain and defend your answer based on the hashtag that you
had formulated. Choose your representative.

(1 minute talk)

For example:
HASHTAG- LOGICAL FALLACY
# REASON
Logical fallacies
Logical fallacies are errors in reasoning that invalidate an argument. As a

critical reader, you have to identify and examine fallacies and
manipulative language found in the text. It is therefore important that you
know what some of the common fallacies are.
False Dilemma
-occurs when an arguer presents his/her
argument as one of only two options despite
the presence of multiple possibilities
Example:
1. Either you fully devote yourself to the
company or you quit.
2. Example (two choices):

You are either with God or against him.
Appeal to ignorance
-occurs when something is instantly
concluded to be true just because it is not
proven to be false, and vice versa.
Example:
1. The writer does not talk about the connection
between the victim’s killer and his sister, so
there must be none.
2.Although we have proven that the moon is not

made of spare ribs, we have not proven that its
core cannot be filled with them; therefore, the
moon’s core is filled with spare ribs.
Slippery Slope
-occurs when a series of increasingly superficial
and unacceptable consequence is drawn.
Example:
1.If we ban computer shops, then students will not be
able to do research. And if they do not have tools for
research, these students will fail their subjects.
2. We cannot unlock our child from the closet because if
we do, she will want to roam the house. If we let her
roam the house, she will want to roam the
neighborhood. If she roams the neighborhood, she will
get picked up by a stranger in a van, who will sell her in
a sex slavery ring in some other country. Therefore, we
should keep her locked up in the closet.
Appeal to Force (argumentum ad baculum)
-occurs when a threat, instead of reasoning, is used to argue .
Example:
1.If you do not admit that evolution is not real,
we will isolate you from the group.
2.Melvin: Boss, why do I have to work weekends

when nobody else in the company does?
Boss: Am I sensing insubordination? I can find
another employee very quickly, thanks to
Craigslist, you know.
Appeal to pity(ad misericordiam)
-occurs when the element of pity is used instead of logical
reasoning.
Description: The attempt to distract from the
truth of the conclusion by the use of pity.
Example:
1.Please do not fire me for being absent all month; I have a sick mother and a
special child to support.
2.I really deserve an “A” on this paper, professor. Not only did I study during my
grandmother’s funeral, but I also passed up the heart transplant surgery, even
though that was the first matching donor in 3 years.
Appeal to Consequences(argumentum ad
consequentiam)
-occurs when unpleasant consequence of
believing something are pointed out to show
that belief is false.
Example:
1.You can’t believe that colonialism is bad, because if it were, then we would
not be civilized.
Example (positive):
2.If there is objective morality, then good moral behavior will be rewarded after death. I want to be rewarded;
therefore, morality must be objective.
Example (negative):
3.If there is no objective morality, then all the bad people will not be punished for their bad behavior after death. I
don’t like that; therefore, morality must be objective.
Bandwagon
-occurs when argument is considered to be valid
because it is what the majority thinks.
Example:
1.Most Filipinas want to have fair skin because they look
beautiful. Therefore, having fair skin must be the real
standard of beauty.
2.Everyone is selfish; everyone is doing what he believes

will make himself happier. The recognition of that can take
most of the sting out of accusations that you're being
"selfish." Why should you feel guilty for seeking your own
happiness when that's what everyone else is doing, too?
Attacking the person(Ad Hominem)
-occurs when someone tries to refute an

argument by attacking the character of a
person instead of attacking the ideas of the
argument.
Description: Attacking the person making
the argument, rather than the argument itself,
when the attack on the person is completely
irrelevant to the argument the person is
making.
Example:
1.I cannot accept your argument because, unlike
me, you were not educated at Harvard University.
2. My doctor tells me that I should eat healthy
and exercise, but have you seen how overweight
he is?
3.He may be a qualified candidate, but he has
tattoos, so I won't vote for him.
Appeal to Authority(argumentum ad
verecundiam)
-occurs when the argument quotes an expert
who is not qualified in the particular subject
matter.
Description: Insisting that a claim is true
simply because a valid authority or expert on
the issue said it was true, without any other
supporting evidence offered.
Example:
1.Bill Gates, the co-founder of Microsoft,
recommends the effective fabric softening
properties of Downy fabric softener.
2.Richard Dawkins, an evolutionary biologist and
perhaps the foremost expert in the field, says that
evolution is true. Therefore, it's true.
3.
Anonymous Authority
-the authority in question is not mentioned or
named.
Example:
1.Experts claim that eating peanuts causes pimples.
2.You know, they say that if you swallow gum it
takes seven years to digest. So whatever you do,
don’t swallow the gum!
3. The 13.7 billion-year-old universe is a big
conspiracy. I read this article once where these
notable scientists found strong evidence that the
universe was created 6000 years ago, but because
of losing their jobs, they were forced to keep quiet!
Hasty Generalization
-occurs when a sample is not significant or
enough to support a generalization about a
population.
Description: Drawing a conclusion based on
a small sample size, rather than looking at
statistics that are much more in line with the
typical or average situation.
Example:
1.Martha, the foreigner from France, is very
impolite. French people are mean and rude.
2. My father smoked four packs of cigarettes
a day since age fourteen and lived until age
sixty-nine. Therefore, smoking really can’t be
that bad for you.
3. Four out of five dentists recommend Happy
Glossy Smiley toothpaste brand. Therefore, it
must be great.
Activity:
YOU DO IT ALONE!
ACTIVITY 2
Complete the following table by writing one
example under each logical fallacy.

COPY AND ANSWER
Type of logical Example Type of logical fallacy Example
fallacy

false dilemma bandwagon

appeal to ignorance attacking the person

slippery slope appeal to authority

hasty generalization anonymous authority

appeal to consequences

appeal to force

Fallacy

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In pairs, get 10 different print advertisements that

contain logical fallacies. Analyze these ads

1.Classify the different logical fallacies

Logical fallacies are errors in reasoning that invalidate an argument. As a

2. Example (two choices):

2.Although we have proven that the moon is not

2.Melvin: Boss, why do I have to work weekends

2.Everyone is selfish; everyone is doing what he believes

-occurs when someone tries to refute an

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