Which of the following is not a method

of centering a workpiece in the lathe?

a. Toolbit method
b. Surface gauge method
c. Dial indicator method
d. Plasticgage method
The kind of centre which is being
attached and meshed to the tailstock
spindle which is also static while the
work is rotating is
a. Live center
b. Dead center
c. Indeterminant
d. Zero
For a system to be equilibrium, the
sum of the external forces acting on
the system must be

a. Equal to unity
b. A maximum
c. Indeterminant
d. Zero
The mass moment of inertia of a
cylinder about its central axis
perpendicular to a circular cross
section is
a. Directly proportional to its radius
b. Independent of its radius
c. Directly proportional to its length
d. Independent of its length
In general, what are the effects of cold
working a metal?

a. Increase strength and ductility

b. Increase strength, decrease ductility
c. Decrease strength and ductility
d. Decrease strength increase ductility
Which of the following are true
statements about the modulus of
elasticity, E?
a. It is the same as the rupture modulus.
b. It is the slope of the stress strain
diagram in the linearly elastic region.
c. It is the ratio of stress to volumetric
stress.
d. Its value depends only on the
temperature of the material.
To which of the following can the large
discrepancy between the actual and
theoretical strengths of metals mainly
be attributed?
a. Heat
b. Dislocations
c. Low density
d. Stress direction
A shaft made of good quality steel
breaks in half due to fatigue. What
should the surface of the fracture after
look like?
a. Like a cup and cone
b. Quite smooth to the unaided eye, yet
ripples area apparent under low power
magnification
c. Smooth over most of the surface although
it appears torn at the location of fracture
d. Very jagged and rough
Under very slow deformation at high
temperature, it is possible to have
some plastic flow in a crystal at a shear
stress lower than the critical shear
stress. What is the phenomenon
called?
a. Slip
b. Twining
c. Creep
d. Bending
In molecules of the same composition,
what are variations of atomic
arrangements known as?

a. Polymers
b. Non-crystalline structures
c. Monomers
d. Isomers
Which of the following is not a visco-
elastic material?

a. Plastic
b. Metal
c. Rubber
d. Glass
What is the strong bond between
hydrogen atoms known as?

a. Ionic bond
b. Metallic bond
c. Ionic and metallic bond
d. Glass
Hooke’s law for an isotropic
homogeneous medium experiencing
one-dimensional stress is
a. Stress – E(strain)
b. Strains – E(stress)
c. (Force)(Area) = E(change in
length)/length
d. Force/Area = E(length)/change in
length
The modulus of rigidity of a steel
member is:
a. A function of the length and depth.
b. Defined as the unit shear stress divided
by the unit shear deformation.
c. Equal to the modulus of elasticity
divided by the unit shear deformation.
d. Defined as the length divided by the
moment of inertia.
A thin homogeneous metallic plate
contaminating a hole is heated sufficiently to
cause expansion. If the coefficient of surface
expansion is linear, the area of the hole will:
a. Increase at twice the rate the area of the
metal increases.
b. Increase at the same rate as the area of the
metal increases.
c. Stay the same.
d. Decrease at the same rate as the area of the
metal increases.
The three moment equation may be
used to analyze

a. A continuous beam
b. A beam loaded at the third points
c. A step tapered column
d. A three element composite beam
In a long column (slenderness ratio >
160), which if the following has the
greatest influence on its tendency to
buckle under a compressive load?
a. The modulus of elasticity of the
material.
b. The compressive strength of the
material.
c. The radius of gyration of the column.
d. The length of the column.
The area of the shear diagram of a
beam between any two points on the
beam is equal to the
a. Change in shear between the two
points
b. Total shear beyond the two points
c. Average moment between the two
points
d. Change in moment between the two
points
 Poisson’s ratio is principally used in
a. The determination of the capability of
a material for being shaped.
b. The determination of the capability of
a material for plastic deformation
without fracture.
c. Stress – strain relationships where
stresses are applied in more than one
direction.
d. The determination of the modulus of
toughness.
Young’s modulus of elasticity for a material
can be calculated indirectly from which of
the following properties of material?
a. Temperature coefficient of expansion
and dielectric constant.
b. Temperature coefficient of expansion
and specific heat.
c. Density and velocity of sound in the
material.
d. Density and interatomic spacing in the
material.
The linear portion of the stress-strain
diagram of steel is known as

a. Modulus of elasticity
b. Plastic range
c. Irreversible range
d. Elastic range
“Modulus of resilience” is
a. The same as the modulus of
elasticity
b. A measure of the materials ability
to store strain energy
c. The reciprocal of the modulus of
elasticity
d. A measure of the deflection of a
member
Imperfections within metallic crystal
structures may be all of the following
except
a. Lattice vacancies, or extra interstitial
atoms
b. Ion pairs missing in tonic crystals
(Shotky imperfections)
c. Displacement of atoms of interstitial
sites ( Frankel defects)
d. Twinning to form mirror images along
a low energy boundary or crystal plane
All of the following statements about strain
energy are correct except
a. It is less for sites at grain boundaries than for
internal sites within the crystal structures.
b. It is caused by generation and movement of
dislocations through shear or plastic
deformation.
c. It results from tapped vacancies in the crystal
lattice.
d. It is proportional to length of dislocation,
shear modulus and shortest distance
between equivalent lattice sites (points).
When a metal is cold worked, all of the
following generally occur except

a. Recrystallization temperature
decreases
b. Ductility decreases
c. Grains become equi-axed
d. Slip or twinning occurs
Intrinsic silicon becomes extrinsically
conductive, with electrons are
majority carriers, when doped with
which of the following?

a. Nothing
b. Antimony
c. Boron
d. Germanium
Steels can be strengthened by all of
the following practices except

a. Annealing
b. Quenching and tempering
c. Work hardening
d. Grain refinement
The moment of inertia of any plane
figure can be expressed in units of
length to the
a. First power
b. Second power
c. Third power
d. Fourth power
The vector which represents the sum
of group of force vectors is called the

a. Magnitude
b. Resultant
c. Sum
d. Phase angle
Which of the following is not a vector
quantity?

a. Velocity
b. Speed
c. Acceleration
d. Displacement
The stress in an elastic material is
a. Inversely proportional to the
material’s yield strength.
b. Inversely proportional to the force
rating.
c. Proportional to the displacement
of the material acted upon by the
force.
d. Proportional to the length of the
material subject to the force.
The “SLENDERNESS RATIO” of a
column is generally defined as the
ratio of its

a. Length of its minimum width

b. Unsupported length to its
maximum radius of gyration
c. Length of its moment of inertia
d. Unsupported length to its least
radius of gyration
The linear portion of the stress – strain
diagram of steel is known as the

a. Modulus elongation
b. Plastic range
c. Irreversible change
d. Elastic range
The ratio of the moment of inertia of
the cross section of a beam to the
section modulus is

a. Equal to the radius of gyration

b. Equal to the area of cross section
c. A measure of distance
d. Multiplied by the bending moment
to determine the stress
When an air entrainment agent is
introduced into a concrete mix,

a. The strength will increase

b. The strength will decrease
c. The strength will not be affected
d. The water-cement ratio must be
reduced from 10% to 15%
Structural steel elements subjected to
torsion develop

a. Tensile stress
b. Compressive stress
c. Shearing stress
d. Moment
The deflection of a beam is
a. Directly proportional to the modulus of
elasticity and moment of inertia
b. Inversely proportional to the modulus
of elasticity and length of beam cubed.
c. Inversely proportional to the modulus
of elasticity and moment of inertia
d. Directly proportional to the load
imposed and inversely to the length
squared
The differential of the shear equation
is which of the following?

a. Load on the beam

b. Tensile strength of the beam
c. Bending moment of the beam
d. Slope of the elastic curve
A vertically loaded beam, fixed at one
end and simply supported at the other
is indeterminate to what degree?
a. First
b. Second
c. Third
d. Fourth
A thin walled pressurized vessel consists
of a right circular cylinder with flat ends.
Midway between the ends the stress is
greatest in what direction?
a. Longitudinal
b. Circumferential
c. radial
d. At an angle 45 degrees to the
longitudinal and circumferential
direction
 The ending moment at a section of a
beam is derived from the …
a. Sum of the moments of all external forces
on one side of the section
b. Difference between the moments on one
side of the section and the opposite side
c. Sum of the moment at a section of all
external forces on both sides of the section
d. Sum of all external forces between
supports
 The stress concentration factor…
a. Is the ratio of average stress on a section
to the allowable stress
b. Cannot be evaluated for brittle materials
c. Is the ratio of areas involved in a sudden
change of cross section
d. Is the ratio of the maximum stress
produced in a cross section to the
average stress over the section
Poisson’s Ratio is the ration of the

a. unit lateral deformation to the

unit longitudinal deformation
b. unit stress to unit strain
c. elastic limit to proportional limit
d. shear strain to compressive strain
Which of the following metal is easy to
chisel?

a. cast iron
b. alloy steel
c. stainless steel
d. manganese steel
Split pulley or pulley made of separate
section bolted together at the rim, the
maximum speed should be limited
about _____% of the maximum speed
of solid pulley.

a. 65 to 75% a. 80to 90%

b. 55 to 60% b. 45 to 50%
The length of arc between the two
sides of a gear tooth on pitch circle:

a. Axial Plane
b. Circular Thickness
c. Chordal Curves
d. Helex Angle
SAE steel that responds to heat
treatment.

a. SAE 1060
b. SAE 1020
c. SAE 1030
d. SAE 1117
The differential of the shear equation
is which one of the following?

a. Bending Moment of the Beam

b. Load of the Beam
c. Slope of the elastic curve
d. Tensile strength of the beam
To reduce cost in the manufacturing of
large worm gears, the material to
utilize:
a. Alloyed Aluminum rim with cast
iron
b. Bronze rim with cast iron spider
c. Cast iron rim with bronze spider
d. All of these
It is hardened treatment whereby a
cast metal is being heated to a very
high pressure when suddenly
subjected to rapid cooling to improve
hardenability or wear resistance is
called:

a. Normalizing a. Quenching
b. Tempering b. Annealing
Heating of metal above the critical
temperature and then cooling slowly
in the furnace to reduce the hardness
and improve the machinability is
called:
a. Normalizing
b. Annealing
c. Tempering
d. Quenching
A type of welding whereby a wire or
powder from the nozzle of a spray gun is
infused by a gas flame, arc of plasma jet
and molten particles are protected in form
of a spray by means of compressed air to
gas.
a. Metal Spray Welding
b. Plasma-Arc Welding
c. Electro-Slug Welding
d. Electro-beam Welding
Honing is used:
a. To remove only a small amount of
metal
b. to correct out-of-roundness of a
bore
c. to correct axial run-out of a bore
d. on surfaces brought to a high
degree of surface finish
Tungsten is added to high speed metal

a. to make the material more ductile

b. To prevent the material from
cracking during heat treatment
c. to increase the hardness at red
heat
d. to make the material easy to forge
An impact test for which the specimen
is supported at one end as a cantilever

a. Izod Test
b. Charpy Test
c. Brinnel Test
d. Endurance Test
A hydrostatic bearing is one in which

a. the lube oil is supplied under

pressure
b. the lube oil is not pressurized
c. there is marginal lubrication
d. the bearing is lightly loaded
Heating or cooling of steel that
produces a rounded form of carbide

a. Spheroidizing
b. Annealing
c. Normalizing
d. Embrittleness
The principal material used in high
production of metal working tools

a. Stainless Steel
b. Low Carbon Steel
c. Chromium
d. High Speed Steel
Which tool does not belong to the
group?

a. Torque Wrench
b. Adjustable Wrench
c. Feeler Gage
d. Vise Grip
Which of the following is not part of
the headstock?

a. Anvil
b. Back Gear
c. Spindle
d. Motor
A machining operation whereby the
tool reciprocates and the feed is
stationary is called:

a. Shaping
b. Planning
c. Turning
d. Reaming
A rotating body which serves as a
reservoir for absorbing and
redistributing kinetic energy

a. Shaper
b. Turbine
c. Milling Machine
d. Flywheel
An alloying element used principally to
produced stainless steel

a. Zirconium
b. Bronze
c. Aluminum
d. Chromium
The conical surface at the starting end
of the thread is called:

a. Pitch Cone
b. Crest
c. Flute
d. Chamfer
The five principal parts of a shaper are
the table tool, slide base, ram and

a. Vise
b. Drive Motor
c. Column
d. Apron
The surface area of the gear between
fillets of the adjacent teeth is called:

a. Bottom Land
b. Flank of Tooth
c. Topland
d. Flank
The normal density or work space
requirement to use in the design of a
work room is ______ cubic feet per
person.

a. 38.38
b. 423.45
c. 40.33
d. 35.3
Deflection of a beam is
a. proportional to the load imposed
and inversely to the length squared
b. proportional to the modulus of
elasticity and moment of inertia
c. inversely proportional to the
weight imposed times the length
d. inversely proportional to the
modulus of elasticity and moment
of inertia
Axially loaded rectangular groove in
hub and shaft

a. key seat
b. coller pin set
c. Setscrew point
d. flute
The amount by which the dedendum
in a given gear/pinion exceeds the
addendum of its mating pinion/gear.
Also the radial distance between the
top of a tooth and the bottom of the
mating tooth space.
a. tip relief a. Space
b. Clearance b. Top Land
Nickel-chromium-molybdenum steel
designation, SAE ____

a. SAE 51XX
b. SAE 74XX
c. SAE 64XX
d. SAE 94XX
Surface connecting the crest and roots
of the screw thread

a. Length of Engagement
b. quenching
c. Tempering
d. Lead Angle
A good general purpose deoxidizer and
promotes fine grain in steel

a. Molybdenum
b. Silicon
c. Copper
d. Magnesium
The flux that should be avoided in
soldering electrical connection of
commutator wires as it tends to
conode the connections.

a. salt ammonia
b. stear in
c. acid flukes
d. zinc chloride
Bevel gears subjected to corrosion and
lightly loaded are usually made of

a. Duralumin
b. Brass
c. Bronze
d. All of these
The application of electrical current to
the corrosion circuit to counter the
corrosion reaction is called

a. Cathodic protection
b. Chemical corrosion process
c. Galvanication
d. Sacrificial anodes method
It is the set of spur gears are made,
installed and lubricated properly,

a. tooth peening
b. pitting
c. shearing
d. Tooth Spalling
From experience, specify the
conventional limit of flywheel
operations to be at 6000 ft/min for
cast iron and ____ ft/min for cast steel.

a. 12000 a. 8000
b. 10,000 b. 7000
In a cutting tool the cutting end can
also be generally called _____.

a. end cutting edge

b. back rake
c. side rake
d. nose
The material for engine radiator is
usually made of

a. Yellow Brass
b. Admiralty Brass
c. Navy Brass
d. Silicon Brass
A machine shop equipment that can
be flattened horizontally, vertically or
angular plane

a. Shaper Machine
b. Welding Machine
c. Power Saw
d. Drill Machine
An example of rectilinear translation

a. rack gear
b. piston of an engine
c. jack
d. locomotive wheels
Relief angles of single-point cutting
test in cutting mild steel, cast iron and
other average work as recommended
should be in the ranges of ____
degrees for high speed tools
a. 8 to 12 a. 12 to 16
b. 5 to 7 b. 10 to 15
Tap not used for cutting threads:

a. equal to the allowable stress and

the module of elasticity
b. equal to the module of elasticity
c. equal to 80% of elastic limit
d. equal to half the ultimate
strength
Mirror finish has surfaces line of
_____ rms.

a. 2 to 8
b. 1.0
c. 1 to 3
d. 2 to 5
Chromium steel (to include heat and
corrosion resistant) designation

a. SAE 56XX
b. SAE 61XX
c. SAE 9XX
d. SAE 514XX
Non-metallic material of high melting
temp being used as a furnace lining

a. quarts bricks
b. silica sand
c. dolomite clay bricks
d. refractories
Thread is used where the thread
requires great strength and usually cut
square on one side and slanting on the
other side
a. buttress
b. double
c. janno
d. square
Internal stress exerted by the fibers to
resist the action of outside force is
called _____.

a. Ultimate stress
b. Tensile stress
c. Shearing
d. Compressive stress
A tool not belonging to the group.

a. hermaprodite caliper
b. divider
c. Double Vee block
d. trammel
If 1080 steel (0.80 wt.% C) is annealed
by very low cooling from 1000 deg C
(1832 deg F) to ambient temperature,
its moisture will consist solely of:
a. Pearlite
b. Bainite
c. Cementite
d. Martensite
Compressive strength of fully cured
concrete is most directly related to:

a. Sand gravel ratio

b. Fineness modulus
c. Aggregate gradation
d. Water cement ratio
Which of the following is not a method
of nondestructive testing of steel
castings and forging?

a. Chemical analysis
b. Ultrasonic
c. Liquid penetrant
d. Magnetic particle
 All of the following groups of plastics
are thermoplastic, except:

a. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polyvinyl acetate

b. Polyethylene,, polypropylene and
polystyrene
c. Tetraflouroethylene (Teflon) and other
fluorocarbons
d. Phenolics, melamine and epoxy
A gear with teeth on the outer
cylindrical surface.
a. Worm gear
b. External Gear
c. internal gear
d. bevel gear
A circle coinciding with a tangent to
the bottom of the tooth space.

a. Pitch circle
b. internal diagram
c. Dedendum
d. root circle
Cutting a hole by means of a rotating
tool or the work may revolve and the
tool remain fixed as in the lathe

a. Boring
b. Milling
c. Brazing
d. bevel gear
Fusion process in which the metal is
heated to a state of fusion permitting
to flow together into a solid joint.

a. Soldering
b. resistance welding
c. oxyacetylene
d. brazing
The process of checking or producing
checkers on the surface of a piece by
rolling checkered depressions into the
surface.
a. Indexing
b. Knurling
c. Squaring
d. laying out
The clearance between the tooth
profile of gear tooth

a. Backlash
b. gear rack
c. addendum
d. dedendum
When meshed with a gear, it is used to
change rotary motion to reciprocating
motion

a. Bevel gear
b. worm gear
c. super gear
d. gear rack
The distance from the center of one
tooth of a gear to the center of the
next consecutive tooth measured on
the pitch.

a. Pitch circle
b. circular pitch
c. diametral pitch
d. pitch diameter
An operation of making a cone shaped
enlargement of the end off a hole, as
for a recess for a flathead screw.

a. Knurling
b. Countersinking
c. Indexing
d. boring
Tool when pressed into a finished hole
in a piece of work, provide centers on
which the piece may be turned or
otherwise machined.
a. Spindle
b. Jaws
c. Clock
d. mandrel
The total deformation measured in the
direction of the line of stress.

a. Tolerance
b. Variation
c. Poisson’s ratio
d. strain
The process of producing a variety of
surfaces by using a circular type cutter
with multiple teeth.

a. Planning
b. Milling
c. Shaping
d. Brazing
Alloy steel known its resistance to
corrosion, abrasion and wear that is
usually ideal for mill grinding ore in cement
and concentrator application. It is usually
combined with molybdenum to increase
the depth hardening.
a. Manganese steel
b. Chromium nickel alloy steel
c. Manganese-moly steel
d. Chromium-moly steel
Killed steel is very much associated
with

a. Manganese
b. Sulfur
c. Phosphorus
d. silicon
 Which of the following does cold-
working cause?
a. elongation of grains in the flow direction, an increase in
dislocation density, and an overall increase in energy of
the metal
b. elongation of grains in the flow direction, a decrease in
dislocation density, and an overall decrease in energy of
the metal
c. elongation of grains in the flow direction, a decrease in
dislocation density, and an overall increase in energy of
the metal
d. elongation of grins in the flow direction, a decrease in
dislocation density, and an overall decrease in energy of
the metal
 Which of the following statement is false?

a. the is considerable increase in the hardness

and strength of cold-worked metal
b. cold-working a metal significantly reduces
its ductility
c. cold working cause a slight decrease in the
density and electrical conductivity of metal
d. cold working decreases the yield point of
the metal
Which of the following correctly describes
atoms located at grain boundaries?
a. they are subjected to the same type of inter-
atomic forces that are present in the interior
atoms of the crystals
b. they are located primarily in high strained
and distorted positions
c. they have a higher free energy than atoms
in the undistributed part of the crystal
lattice
 Which of the following statement is false?
a. hot working causes much strain
hardening of the metal
b. hot working increases the density of
the metal
c. one of the primary goals of hot working
is to produced fine grained material
d. in hot working, no noticeable changes
in mechanical properties occur
Which of the following statements describe the
glass transition temperature?
I. It is the temperature at which the rate of
volume contraction increases abruptly.
II. It is the temperature at which residual
stresses in the glass can be relieved.
III. It is the point where the material behaves
more like a solid than a viscous liquid

a. I only a. II and III

b. I and II b. I and II
Which of the following is not a
structural class of steels?

a. Carbon
b. high strength, low alloy
c. tool and die
d. stainless
Low carbon steels are generally used in the
“as rolled” or “as fabricated” state
a. they come in many different shapes
and thickness
b. their strength generally cannot be
increased by heat treatment
c. they degrade severely under heat
treatment
d. their chromium content is low
Which of the following statements is false?
a. high strength low alloys steels are not as
strong as non alloy low carbon steels
b. small amounts of copper increase the
tensile strength of steels
c. additions of small amounts of silicon to
steels can cause a marked decrease in
yield strength of the steel
d. small amounts of phosphorus in steels can
provide an increase in the yield strength of
steel
Which of the following statements is false?

a. stainless steels contain large amount of

chromium
b. there are three types of stainless steels:
martensitic; austenitic; and ferritic
c. the non magnetic stainless steels contain
large amount of nickel
d. stabilization of the face centered cubic crystal
structure of stainless steels imparts a non
magnetic characteristic to the alloy
Which of the following would not likely
require a steel containing 0.6% carbon
that has been spheroidized, cold
drawn and slightly tempered?

a. a bridge beam
b. a water pipe
c. a cutting tool
d. a ball bearing
Which of the following statements is false?
a. low alloy steels are a minor group and rarely
used.
b. low alloy steels are used in heat treated
condition.
c. low alloys steels contains small amounts of
nickel and chromium.
d. the additional of small amounts of
molybdenum to low-allow steels makes it
possible harden and strengthen thick pieces
of metal by heat treatment.
Under which type of loading does
fatigue occur?

a. static load
b. plane load
c. high load
d. repeated load
A specimen is subjected to a load. When
the load is removed, the strain
disappears. From this information, which
following can be deduced about this
material?
a. it is elastic
b. it is plastic
c. it has a high modulus of elasticity
d. it does not obey Hooke’s law
Which of the following metal is non
magnetic?
a. cast iron
b. alloy steel
c. stainless steel
d. manganese steel
Which of the following is not used to
temper steel?

a. brine or salt bath

b. oil bath
c. water bath
d. steam bath
Which of the following is not a type of
power hacksaw?

a. power hacksaw
b. crosscut saw
c. horizontal power saw
d. band saw
Which of the following is not a
strength property of a metal?

a. tensile strength
b. rocking strength
c. torsional strength
d. fatigue strength
Which of the following metals melts
slowly and becomes dull red before
melting?

a. manganese steel
b. stainless steel
c. cast iron
d. wrought iron
Which area of the machine shop is
where metal is being melted to form
them into new shape?

a. welding area
b. mass production area
c. tool and die area
d. foundry area
Which area of the machine shop is
where quality, quantity and popularity
of final products depend?

a. stock area
b. assembly area
c. quality and control area
d. production area
One important skill that operator of
machine tools must have is an
understanding of measurement which
demand…

a. Precision
b. Speed
c. Neatness
d. sociability
 A machine used in shaping metals by
means of abrasive wheel or the
removal of metals with an abrasive is
called..

a. planer machine
b. power saw
c. shaper
d. grinder
The ability of a metal to withstand
loads without breaking down is…

a. Stress
b. Strain
c. Strength
d. elasticity
The ability of a material to resist being
crushed is..

a. torsional strength
b. compressive strength
c. bending strength
d. fatigue strength
The ability of metal to withstand forces
thus allowing member to twist is..

a. torsional strength
b. bending strength
c. fatigue strength
d. compressive strength
Which of the following is not a part of
lathe machine?

a. Headstock
b. tail stock
c. carriage
d. fan
The machine which can flatten surface
on a horizontal, vertical, or angular
plane is..

a. shaper machine
b. drilling machine
c. power saw
d. welding machine
Which of the following is not part of
the headstock?

a. Spindle
b. back gear
c. motor
d. anvil
Ferrous metals contains large amount
of..

a. Carbon
b. Manganese
c. Sulfur
d. phosphorous
Which of the following is not a
classification of an iron ore?

a. Hermatite
b. Magnetite
c. Sulfurite
d. siderite
Which of the following is not the work
of a machinist?

a. Grinding
b. Honing
c. Reboring
d. overhauling
Which of the following is not a kind of
mandrel?

a. expansion mandrel
b. contraction mandrel
c. taper mandrel
d. gang mandrel