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    Mechnics of Machinery

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    Mohammed Al-Odat
    1) Cams are devices that convert rotary motion to linear motion through cam and follower mechanisms. They are classified based on their shape, follower movement, and manner of constraint. 2) Common cam shapes include wedge, radial, spiral, cylindrical, conjugate, globoidal, and spherical. Follower movement types include rise-return-rise, dwell-rise-return-dwell, and dwell-rise-dwell-return-dwell. 3) Followers can be constrained by pre-loaded springs, positive drives like grooves, or gravity. Knife edge, roller, flat, and spherical faced followers exist.

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    Mechnics of Machinery

    Uploaded by

    Mohammed Al-Odat
    31 views48 pages
    1) Cams are devices that convert rotary motion to linear motion through cam and follower mechanisms. They are classified based on their shape, follower movement, and manner of constraint. 2) Common cam shapes include wedge, radial, spiral, cylindrical, conjugate, globoidal, and spherical. Follower movement types include rise-return-rise, dwell-rise-return-dwell, and dwell-rise-dwell-return-dwell. 3) Followers can be constrained by pre-loaded springs, positive drives like grooves, or gravity. Knife edge, roller, flat, and spherical faced followers exist.

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    1) Cams are devices that convert rotary motion to linear motion through cam and follower mechanisms. They are classified based on their shape, follower movement, and manner of constraint. 2) Common cam shapes include wedge, radial, spiral, cylindrical, conjugate, globoidal, and spherical. Follower movement types include rise-return-rise, dwell-rise-return-dwell, and dwell-rise-dwell-return-dwell. 3) Followers can be constrained by pre-loaded springs, positive drives like grooves, or gravity. Knife edge, roller, flat, and spherical faced followers exist.

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    31 views48 pages

    Mechnics of Machinery

    Uploaded by

    Mohammed Al-Odat
    1) Cams are devices that convert rotary motion to linear motion through cam and follower mechanisms. They are classified based on their shape, follower movement, and manner of constraint. 2) Common cam shapes include wedge, radial, spiral, cylindrical, conjugate, globoidal, and spherical. Follower movement types include rise-return-rise, dwell-rise-return-dwell, and dwell-rise-dwell-return-dwell. 3) Followers can be constrained by pre-loaded springs, positive drives like grooves, or gravity. Knife edge, roller, flat, and spherical faced followers exist.

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    MECHNICS OF

    MACHINERY
    CAMS

    1
    MODULE 4
    2

    KINEMATICS OF CAM

    • Introduction
    • Classifications
    • Displacement diagrams
    – Simple harmonic,
    – parabolic, and
    – Cycloidal motions
    • Layout of plate cam profiles - Derivatives of Follower motion
    • High speed cams
    – Circular arc and
    – Tangent cams
    – Standard cam motion
    • Pressure angle and undercutting
    Introduction

    • The cam and follower set is a device which


    can convert rotary motion (circular motion)
    into linear motion (movement in a straight
    line).
    Follower
    Cams

    Cam

    Followers
    (valves)
    Introduction (Contd.)
    follower

    • The cam can have


    various shapes.
    These are know as Cam
    cam profiles.

    Pear Heart Circular Drop


    Cam and Follower
    Follower

    • A follower is a component
    which is designed to move
    up and down as it follows cam
    the edge of the cam.

    Knife edge Flat foot Off set Roller


    Follower follower follower follower
    Cam and Follower
    • The 'bumps' on a cam are called lobes.
    Follower
    • The square cam illustrated has four lobes,
    and lifts the follower four times each
    revolution.

    Square cam

    Examples of other rotary cam profiles.


    Cam and Follower
    Examples of a Rotary cams in operation.

    Cams used in a pump.


    Control the movement of
    the engine valves.
    Cam and Follower
    • The linear cam moves backwards and forwards in a reciprocating
    motion.

    Cam Follower

    Linear cam

    Distance
    moved by
    the follower
    Cam and Follower
    • Cams can also be cylindrical in shape
    • Below a cylindrical cam and roller follower.

    Cam rise and Fall


    • The cam follower does not have to
    move up and down - it can be an Max Lift
    oscillating lever as shown above.  
    Min Lift
    Examples for cam

    • In IC engines to operate the inlet and exhaust


    valves
    Classification of Cams

    • Cams are classified according to


    1. shape,
    2. follower movement, and
    3. manner of constraint of the
    follower.
    According to Shape
    1) Wedge and Flat Cams

    • A wedge cam has a wedge W which, in general, has a


    translational motion.
    • The follower F can either translate [Fig.(a)] or oscillate [Fig.
    (b)].
    • A spring is, usually, used to maintain the contact between the
    cam and the follower.
    • In Fig.(c), the cam is stationary and the follower constraint or
    guide G causes the relative motion of the cam and the
    follower.
    13
    Wedge and Flat Cams (Contd.)

    Cam Follower

    Linear cam

    Distance
    moved by
    the follower
    According to Shape
    2)Radial or Disc Cams

    • A cam in which the follower moves radially


    from the centre of rotation of the cam is known
    as a radial or a disc cam (Fig. (a) and (b)].
    • Radial cams are very popular due to their
    simplicity and compactness.
    According to Shape
    3) Spiral Cams

    • A spiral cam is a face cam in which a


    groove is cut in the form of a spiral as
    shown in Fig.
    • The spiral groove consists of teeth
    which mesh with a pin gear follower.
    • The velocity of the follower is
    proportional to the radial distance of
    the groove from the axis of the cam.
    • The use of such a cam is limited as
    the cam has to reverse the direction
    to reset the position of the follower.
    It finds its use in computers.
    According to Shape
    4) Cylindrical Cams

    • In a cylindrical cam, a cylinder which has a circumferential contour cut in


    the surface, rotates about its axis.
    • The follower motion can be of two types as follows: In the first type, a
    groove is cut on the surface of the cam and a roller follower has a
    constrained (or positive) oscillating motion [Fig.(a)].
    • Another type is an end cam in which the end of the cylinder is the working
    surface (b).
    • A spring-loaded follower translates along or parallel to the axis of the
    rotating cylinder.
    According to Shape
    5) Conjugate Cams

    • A conjugate cam is a double-disc cam, the two discs being


    keyed together and are in constant touch with the two rollers
    of a follower (shown in Fig.).
    • Thus, the follower has a positive constraint.
    • Such a type of cam is preferred when the requirements are
    low wear, low noise, better control of the follower, high speed,
    high dynamic loads, etc.
    According to Shape
    6) Globoidal Cams

    • A globoidal cam can have two types of surfaces, convex or


    concave.
    • A circumferential contour is cut on the surface of rotation
    of the cam to impart motion to the follower which has an
    oscillatory motion (Fig.).
    • The application of such cams is limited to moderate speeds
    and where the angle of oscillation of the follower is large.
    According to Shape
    7) Spherical Cams

    • In a spherical cam, the follower oscillates about an


    axis perpendicular to the axis surface of rotation of
    the cam.
    • Note that in a disc cam, the follower oscillates about
    an axis parallel to the axis of rotation of the cam.
    • A spherical cam is in the form of a spherical surface
    which transmits motion to the follower (Fig.).
    According to Follower
    Movement
    1. Rise-Return-Rise (R-R-R)
    • In this, there is alternate rise and return of the follower with
    no periods of dwells (Fig. a).
    • The follower has a linear or an angular displacement.
    2. Dwell-Rise-Return-Dwell (D-R-R-D)
    • In such a type of cam, there is rise and return of the follower
    after a dwell Fig.(b).
    • this type is used more frequently than the R-R-R type of cam.
    According to Follower
    Movement (Contd.)

    3. Dwell-Rise-Dwell-Return-Dwell
    (D-R-D-R-D)
    • It is the most widely used type of cam.
    • The dwelling of the cam is followed by rise and dwell
    and subsequently by return and dwell as shown in
    rig. (c).
    • In case the return of the follower is by a fall [Fig.(d)],
    the motion may be known as Dwell-Rise-Dwell (D-R-
    D).
    According to Manner of Constraint of the Follower

    To reproduce exactly the motion transmitted by the cam to the follower, it is necessary
    that the two remain in touch .The cams are also classified according to the manner in
    which this is achieved.
    1. Pre-loaded Spring Cam
    A pre-loaded compression spring is used for the purpose of keeping the contact
    between the cam and the follower.
    2. Positive-drive Cam
    In this type, constant touch between the cam and the follower is maintained by a
    roller follower operating in the groove of a cam.
    The follower cannot go out of this groove under the normal working operations.
    A constrained or positive drive is also obtained by the use of a conjugate cam
    3. Gravity Cam
    If the rise of the cam is achieved by the rising surface of the cam and the return by the
    force of gravity or due to the weight of the cam, the cam is known as a gravity cam.
    However, these cams are not preferred due to their uncertain behavior.
    Classification of followers

    According to the shape of follower


    • Knife edge follower
    • Roller follower
    • Flat faced follower
    • Spherical faced follower
    a) Knife edge follower
    b) Roller follower
    c) Flat faced follower
    d) Spherical faced follower
    According to the path of
    motion of follower

    a) Radial follower
    b) Offset follower
    a) Radial follower

    • When the motion of the follower is along an axis


    passing through the centre of the cam, it is known as
    radial followers. Above figures are examples of this
    type.
    b) Offset follower

    When the motion of the follower is along an axis away from the
    axis of the cam centre, it is called off-set follower. Above figures
    are examples of this type.
    CAM Nomenclature

    • Cam profile: The outer surface


    of the disc cam.
    • Base circle : The circle with the
    shortest radius from the cam
    center to any part of the cam
    profile.
    • Trace point: It is a point on the
    follower, and its motion
    describes the movement of
    the follower. It is used to
    generate the pitch curve.
    CAM Nomenclature (contd.)

    • Pitch curve : The path


    generated by the trace
    point as the follower is
    rotated about a
    stationery cam.
     Prime circle: The smallest
    circle from the cam
    center through the pitch
    curve
    CAM Nomenclature (contd.)

    • Pressure angle: The angle


    between the direction of
    the follower movement
    and the normal to the
    pitch curve.
    • Pitch point: Pitch point
    corresponds to the point
    of maximum pressure
    angle.
    CAM Nomenclature (contd.)

    • Pitch circle: A circle


    drawn from the cam
    center and passes
    through the pitch point is
    called Pitch circle
    • Stroke: The greatest
    distance or angle through
    which the follower moves
    or rotates
    3Motion of the follower
    As the cam rotates the follower moves
    upward and downward.
    • The upward movement of follower is called
    rise (Outstroke)
    • The downward movement is called fall
    (Returnstroke).
    • When the follower is not moving upward and
    downward even when the cam rotates, it is
    called dwell.
    3.1 Types of follower motion

    1. Uniform motion ( constant velocity)


    2. Simple harmonic motion
    3. Uniform acceleration and retardation motion
    4. Cycloidal motion
    a) Uniform motion (constant
    velocity)

    • Displacement diagram: Displacement is the distance that a follower


    moves during one complete revolution (or cycle) of the cam while the
    follower is in contact with the cam.
    • It is the plot of linear displacement (s) of follower V/S angular
    displacement (θ) of the cam for one full rotation of the cam.
    • A period is a part of the cam cycle and it includes the following:

    Rise (Outstroke) – the upward motion of the follower caused by cam


    motion.
    Fall (Return stroke) – the downward motion of the follower caused by cam
    motion.
    Dwell – the stationary position of the follower caused by cam motion.
    a) Uniform motion (constant
    velocity)
    a) Uniform motion (constant
    velocity)

    Displacement diagram
    Since the follower moves with
    uniform velocity during its rise and
    fall, the slope of the displacement
    curve must be constant as shown in
    fig
    b) Simple Harmonic motion
    b) Simple harmonic motion

    • Since the follower


    moves with a
    simple harmonic
    motion, therefore
    velocity diagram
    consists of a sine
    curve and the
    acceleration
    diagram consists of
    a cosine curve.
    c) Uniform acceleration and
    retardation

    • Since the
    acceleration
    and
    retardation
    are uniform,
    therefore the
    velocity varies
    directly with
    time.
    d) Cycloidal motion
    CAM Profile

    d
    c
    e
    b
    a
    f
    2 1
    3
    4
    5
    6

    45°
    50

    8
    g
    9
    10
    11 12
    h
    l
    i k
    j
    Problem 1

    Displacement Diagram

    Cam Profile
    Problem 2

    Displacement Diagram

    Cam Profile
    Problem 3

    Displacement Diagram

    Cam Profile
    Problem 4

    Displacement Diagram

    Cam Profile

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