Menstrual Cycle: G10 Biology

MENSTRUAL
CYCLE
G10 BIOLOGY
DEFINITION
• Rhythmical series of physiological changes

that occur in fertile women
• Under the control of the endocrine system
• Necessary for reproduction
• Average length: 28 days, but typically varies,
with shorter and longer cycles
DEFINITION
• Menarche: a woman's first menstruation

• typically occurs around age 12
• occurrence depends on overall health and
diet
• Menopause: end of a woman's reproductive
phase, commonly occurs between ages 45 and
55
• age of menopause is largely the result of
genetics
DEFINITION
• Physiological changes during menstrual cycle can be observed
at three different levels:
• neuroendocrine level
• ovaries
• uterus
• Menstrual cycle can be divided into 3 phases:
• menstrual phase
• proliferative / follicular (estrogen) phase
• secretory / luteal phase (progesterone) phase
Average start and end day
Phase (assuming a 28-day
cycle)
Menstrual phase 1-4

Proliferative phase 5-13
Ovulation 13-16
Secretory phase 16-28
MENSTRUAL PHASE
• Menstruation
• menstrual bleeding, menses, period
• discharge of bloody fluid containing
endometrial cells, glandular secretions and
blood cells, lasts 3 -5 days
• result of the previous menstrual cycle
• due to strong vasoconstriction and
proteolytic activity, functional stratum of
endometrial tissue dies and is discharged
during menstrual bleeding
MENSTRUAL PHASE
• Endometrium becomes very thin, but due

to low estrogen levels, hypophysis
secretes more FSH
• FSH stimulates secretion of estrogen, and
estrogen serves as proliferation signal to
the endometrial basal layer
FOLLICULAR PHASE
• Due to the rise of follicle stimulating

hormone (FSH) during the first days of
the cycle, several ovarian follicles are
stimulated
• Follicles compete with each other for
dominance
• The follicle that reaches maturity is called
a Graafian follicle
FOLLICULAR PHASE
• As they mature, the follicles secrete increasing

amounts of estrogen, which thickens the new
functional layer of endometrium in the uterus
• Estrogen also stimulates crypts in the cervix to
produce fertile cervical mucus
• At the end of this phase ovulation occurs
OVULATION
• During the follicular phase, estrogen suppresses
production of luteinizing hormone (LH) from the
pituitary gland
• When the ovum has nearly matured, levels of
estrogen reach a threshold above which they
stimulate production of LH (positive feedback loop)
• The release of LH matures the ovum and weakens
the wall of the follicle in the ovary, causing the fully
developed follicle to release its secondary oocyte
• After being released from the ovary, the ovum is
swept into the fallopian tube
LUTEAL PHASE
• Corpus luteum: solid body formed in an ovary after
the ovum has been released into the fallopian tube
• Produces significant amounts of progesterone,
which plays a vital role in making the endometrium
receptive to implantation of the blastocyst
• High levels of E and P suppress production of FSH
and LH that the corpus luteum needs to maintain
itself
• Falling levels of progesterone trigger menstruation
and the beginning of the next cycle
GAMETOGENESIS ( OOGENESIS &
SPERMATOGENESIS)
•Spermatogenesis and oogenesis are the reproductive
phases that include the following – multiplication, growth,
maturation and differentiation. The spermatogonium and
oogonium multiply by mitosis to form spermatocytes and
oocytes. The spermatocytes eventually lead to the
formation of spermatids – and it contains only half of the
genetic material present in the original primary
spermatocyte as a result of meiosis. Oocytes (germ cells)
undergo mitosis and maturation to form ootids that further
differentiate to form ovum
• Spermatogenesis
is the process of formation of haploid sperms from a diploid
stem cell known as spermatogonium. The process occurs
inside the seminiferous tubules in the testis. The entire
process takes about 70 days.
• Oogenesis
is the process of formation of the ovum. The process occurs in

the ovaries of the female. One oogonium produces a single
ovum.
COMPARISON
SPERMATOGENESIS AND
OOGENESIS
OOGENESIS SPERMATOGENESIS
• The production of eggs from
• The production of sperms
oogonia is known as oogenesis
from spermatogonia is
• Occurs inside the ovary
known as spermatogenesis
• The major part of oogenesis occurs
inside the ovary. The last few stages • Occurs in testes
occur in the oviduct.
• All stages are completed in
• It is a discontinuous process. The testes
early stages take place in the fetus
and the rest in later stages of life. • It is a continuous process
COMPARISON
SPERMATOGENESIS AND
OOGENESIS
OOGENESIS SPERMATOGENESIS
• Produces non-motile gametes • Produces motile gametes
• Unequal cytokinesis occurs • Equal cytokinesis occurs

during oogenesis ultimately during the spermatogenesis
producing one ovum and producing four sperms
four polar bodies

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MENSTRUAL

• Rhythmical series of physiological changes

• Menarche: a woman's first menstruation

Menstrual phase 1-4

• Endometrium becomes very thin, but due

• Due to the rise of follicle stimulating

• As they mature, the follicles secrete increasing

is the process of formation of the ovum. The process occurs in

• Unequal cytokinesis occurs • Equal cytokinesis occurs

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