1

GASES
Chemistry I – Chapter 14
Chemistry I Honors – Chapter 13
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 2

Importance of Gases
• Airbags fill with N2 gas in an
accident.
• Gas is generated by the
decomposition of sodium
azide, NaN3.
• 2 NaN3 ---> 2 Na + 3 N2
 3

THREE
THREE STATES
STATES OF
OF
MATTER
MATTER
 4

General Properties
of Gases
• There is a lot of “free”
space in a gas.
• Gases can be expanded
infinitely.
• Gases fill containers
uniformly and completely.
• Gases diffuse and mix
rapidly.
 5

Properties of Gases
Gas properties can be modeled
using math. Model depends
on—
• V = volume of the gas (L)
• T = temperature (K)
– ALL temperatures in the
entire chapter MUST be in
Kelvin!!! No Exceptions!
• n = amount (moles)
• P = pressure
(atmospheres)
 6

Pressure
Pressure of air is
measured with a
BAROMETER
(developed by
Torricelli in 1643)
Hg rises in tube until force of Hg
(down) balances the force of
atmosphere (pushing up). (Just
like a straw in a soft drink)

P of Hg pushing down related to

• Hg density
• column height
 Pressure 7

Column height measures

Pressure of atmosphere
• 1 standard atmosphere
(atm) *
= 760 mm Hg (or torr) *
= 29.92 inches Hg *
= 14.7 pounds/in2 (psi)
*HD only
= 101.3 kPa (SI unit is
PASCAL) * HD only
= about 34 feet of water!

* Memorize these!
 8
Pressure Conversions
A. What is 475 mm Hg expressed in atm?

1 atm
475 mm Hg x = 0.625 atm
760 mm Hg

B. The pressure of a tire is measured as 29.4 psi.

What is this pressure in mm Hg?
760 mm Hg
29.4 psi x = 1.52 x 103 mm Hg
14.7 psi
 9
Pressure Conversions
A. What is 2 atm expressed in torr?

B. The pressure of a tire is measured as 32.0 psi.

What is this pressure in kPa?
 10

Boyle’s Law
P α 1/V
This means Pressure
and Volume are
INVERSELY
PROPORTIONAL if
moles and
temperature are
constant (do not
change). For
example, P goes up Robert Boyle
as V goes down. (1627-1691).
Son of Earl of
P1V1 = P2 V2 Cork, Ireland.
 11

Boyle’s
Boyle’s Law
Law and
and Kinetic
Kinetic
Molecular
Molecular Theory
Theory

P proportional to 1/V
 12

Boyle’s
Boyle’s Law
Law
A bicycle pump is a
good example of
Boyle’s law.
As the volume of the
air trapped in the
pump is reduced, its
pressure goes up,
and air is forced into
the tire.
 13

Charles’s
Law
If n and P are
constant,
then V α T
V and T are directly
proportional.
V1 V2 Jacques Charles (1746-
= 1823). Isolated boron
and studied gases.
T1 T2 Balloonist.

• If one temperature goes

up, the volume goes up!
 14

Charles’s original balloon

Modern long-distance balloon

 15

Charles’s Law
 16

Gay-Lussac’s Law
If n and V are
constant,
then P α T
P and T are directly
proportional.
P1 P2
Joseph Louis Gay-
=
Lussac (1778-1850)
T1 T2

• If one temperature goes

up, the pressure goes up!
 17
Gas
Gas Pressure,
Pressure, Temperature,
Temperature,
and
and Kinetic
Kinetic Molecular
Molecular
Theory
Theory

P proportional to T
 18

Combined Gas Law

• The good news is that you don’t
have to remember all three gas
laws! Since they are all related to
each other, we can combine them
into a single equation. BE SURE
YOU KNOW THIS EQUATION!
P1 V1 P2 V2
=
T1 T2

No, it’s not related to R2D2

 19

Combined Gas Law

If you should only need one of the other gas
laws, you can cover up the item that is
constant and you will get that gas law!

P1 V1 = P2 V2 Boyle’s Law

T1 Charles’ Law
T2
Gay-Lussac’s
Law
 20

Combined Gas Law Problem

A sample of helium gas has a volume of 0.180 L, a

pressure of 0.800 atm and a temperature of 29°C.
What is the new temperature(°C) of the gas at a
volume of 90.0 mL and a pressure of 3.20 atm?

Set up Data Table

P1 = 0.800 atm V1 = 180 mL T1 = 302 K
P2 = 3.20 atm V2= 90 mL T2 = ??
 21

Calculation
P1 = 0.800 atm V1 = 180 mL T1 = 302 K
P2 = 3.20 atm V2= 90 mL T2 = ??

P1 V1 P2 V2
= P1 V1 T2 = P2 V2 T1
T1 T2

T2 = P2 V2 T1
P1 V1
T2 = 3.20 atm x 90.0 mL x 302 K = 604 K
0.800 atm x 180.0 mL

T2 = 604 K - 273 = 331 °C

 22

Learning Check
A gas has a volume of 675 mL at 35°C and
0.850 atm pressure. What is the
temperature in °C when the gas has a
volume of 0.315 L and a pressure of 802
mm Hg?
 23

One More Practice Problem

A balloon has a volume of

785 mL on a fall day when
the temperature is 21°C. In
the winter, the gas cools to
0°C. What is the new volume
of the balloon?
 24
And now, we pause for this
commercial message from STP
OK, so it’s really not THIS kind
of STP…
STP in chemistry stands for
Standard Temperature and
Pressure

Standard Pressure = STP

STP allows
allows us
us to
to
1 atm (or an compare
compare amounts
amounts ofof
equivalent) gases
gases between
between different
different
Standard pressures
pressures and
and
Temperature = 0 deg temperatures
temperatures
C (273 K)
 25

Try This One

A sample of neon gas used in a neon sign has a
volume of 15 L at STP. What is the volume (L) of
the neon gas at 2.0 atm and –25°C?
 26

Avogadro’s Hypothesis
Equal volumes of gases at the same
T and P have the same number of
molecules.
V = n (RT/P) = kn
V and n are directly related.

twice as many
molecules
 27

Avogadro’s
Avogadro’s Hypothesis
Hypothesis and
and
Kinetic
Kinetic Molecular
Molecular Theory
Theory
The gases in this
experiment are all
measured at the
same T and V.

P proportional to n
 IDEAL GAS LAW
28

P V = n R T
Brings together gas
properties.
Can be derived from
experiment and theory.
BE SURE YOU KNOW
THIS EQUATION!
 29

Using PV = nRT
P = Pressure
V = Volume
T = Temperature
N = number of moles

R is a constant, called the Ideal Gas Constant

Instead of learning a different value for R for all the
possible unit combinations, we can just memorize
one value and convert the units to match R.
L • atm
R = 0.0821
Mol • K
 30

Using PV = nRT
How much N2 is required to fill a small room
with a volume of 960 cubic feet (27,000 L)
to 745 mm Hg at 25 oC?
Solution
1. Get all data into proper units
V = 27,000 L
T = 25 oC + 273 = 298 K
P = 745 mm Hg (1 atm/760 mm Hg)
= 0.98 atm
And we always know R, 0.0821 L atm / mol K
 31

Using PV = nRT
How much N2 is req’d to fill a small room with a volume of 960
cubic feet (27,000 L) to P = 745 mm Hg at 25 oC?
Solution
2. Now plug in those values and solve for
the unknown.
PV = nRT
RT RT
44
(0.98
(0.98 atm)(2.7
atm)(2.7 xx 10
10 L)
L)
nn ==
(0.0821
(0.0821 LL •• atm/K
atm/K••mol)(298
mol)(298 K)
K)
n = 1.1 x 103 mol (or about 30 kg of gas)
 32

Learning Check

Dinitrogen monoxide (N2O), laughing

gas, is used by dentists as an
anesthetic. If 2.86 mol of gas occupies a
20.0 L tank at 23°C, what is the pressure
(mm Hg) in the tank in the dentist office?
 33

Learning Check

A 5.0 L cylinder contains oxygen gas at

20.0°C and 735 mm Hg. How many
grams of oxygen are in the cylinder?
 Deviations from 34

Ideal Gas Law

• Real molecules have
volume.
The ideal gas consumes the
entire amount of available
volume. It does not account
for the volume of the
molecules themselves.
• There are
intermolecular
forces.
An ideal gas assumes there are
no attractions between
molecules. Attractions slow
down the molecules and
reduce the amount of
collisions.
– Otherwise a gas could not
condense to become a liquid.
 35

Gases in the Air

The % of gases in air Partial pressure (STP)

78.08% N2 593.4 mm Hg

20.95% O2 159.2 mm Hg

0.94% Ar 7.1 mm Hg

0.03% CO2 0.2 mm Hg

PAIR = PN + PO + PAr + PCO = 760 mm Hg

2 2 2

Total Pressure 760 mm Hg

 36
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures

2 H2O2 (l) ---> 2 H2O (g) + O2 (g)

0.32 atm 0.16
atm
What is the total pressure in the flask?
Ptotal in gas mixture = PA + PB + ...
Therefore,
Ptotal = PH2O + PO2 = 0.48 atm
Dalton’s Law: total P is sum of
PARTIAL pressures.
 37

Dalton’s Law

John Dalton
1766-1844
 Health Note 38

When a scuba diver is several

hundred feet under water, the
high pressures cause N2 from
the tank air to dissolve in the
blood. If the diver rises too fast,
the dissolved N2 will form
bubbles in the blood, a
dangerous and painful
condition called "the bends".
Helium, which is inert, less
dense, and does not dissolve in
the blood, is mixed with O2 in
scuba tanks used for deep
descents.
 39
Collecting a gas “over water”
• Gases, since they mix with other gases readily, must
be collected in an environment where mixing can not
occur. The easiest way to do this is under water
because water displaces the air. So when a gas is
collected “over water”, that means the container is
filled with water and the gas is bubbled through the
water into the container. Thus, the pressure inside the
container is from the gas AND the water vapor. This is
where Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures becomes
useful.
 40
Table of Vapor Pressures for Water
 41

Solve This!

A student
collects some
hydrogen gas
over water at
20 degrees C
and 768 torr.
What is the
pressure of the
H2 gas?
768 torr – 17.5 torr = 750.5 torr
 42

GAS
GAS DENSITY
DENSITY Low
density

22.4 L of ANY gas

AT STP = 1 mole High
density
 43
Gases and Stoichiometry
2 H2O2 (l) ---> 2 H2O (g) + O2 (g)
Decompose 1.1 g of H2O2 in a flask with a
volume of 2.50 L. What is the volume of O2
at STP?

Bombardier beetle
uses decomposition
of hydrogen peroxide
to defend itself.
 44

Gases and Stoichiometry

2 H2O2 (l) ---> 2 H2O (g) + O2 (g)
Decompose 1.1 g of H2O2 in a flask with a volume of 2.50 L.
What is the volume of O2 at STP?
Solution
1.1 g H2O2 1 mol H2O2 1 mol O2 22.4 L O2
34 g H2O2 2 mol H2O2 1 mol O2

= 0.36 L O2 at STP
 45

Gas Stoichiometry: Practice!

A. What is the volume at STP of 4.00 g of CH4?

B. How many grams of He are present in 8.0 L of gas at

STP?
 46

What if it’s NOT at STP?

• 1. Do the problem like it was at

STP. (V1)
• 2. Convert from STP (V1, P1, T1) to
the stated conditions (P2, T2)
 47

Try this one!

How many L of O2 are needed to react 28.0 g NH3
at 24°C and 0.950 atm?

4 NH3(g) + 5 O2(g) 4 NO(g) + 6 H2O(g)

HONORS 48

only GAS DIFFUSION AND

EFFUSION
• diffusion is the • effusion is the
gradual mixing of movement of
molecules of molecules through a
different gases. small hole into an
empty container.
HONORS 49

only
GAS DIFFUSION AND
EFFUSION
Graham’s law governs
effusion and diffusion
of gas molecules.

Rate for A M of B
Rate for B M of A

Rate
Rate ofof effusion
effusion is
is
inversely
inversely proportional
proportional Thomas Graham, 1805-1869.
Professor in Glasgow and London.
to
to its
its molar
molar mass.
mass.
HONORS 50

only GAS DIFFUSION AND

EFFUSION
Molecules effuse thru holes in a
rubber balloon, for example, at a
rate (= moles/time) that is
• proportional to T
• inversely proportional to M. He
Therefore, He effuses more rapidly
than O2 at same T.
HONORS 51

only Gas
Gas Diffusion
Diffusion
relation
relation of
of mass
mass to
to rate
rate of
of diffusion
diffusion
•• HCl
HCland
andNHNH33 diffuse
diffuse
from
fromopposite
oppositeendsends
of
of tube.
tube.
•• Gases
Gasesmeet
meet totoform
form
NH
NH44Cl
Cl
•• HCl
HClheavier
heavierthan
thanNH NH33
•• Therefore,
Therefore, NH
NH44ClCl
forms
formscloser
closertotoHCl
HCl
end
endofoftube.
tube.