Module-2

part-2
 Animal Husbandry

 Meaning
 The branch of agriculture which deals with the feeding,
shelter, health and breeding of domestic animals is called
animal husbandry.
 Husbandry word means - the care, cultivation, and
breeding of animals.
 It is also known as Livestock Management
 What is it ?

It is the branch of agriculture concerned with

the breeding of farm animals
 Cattle
 Pigs
 Sheep
 Horses
 Poultry
 Animal Husbandry

 Animal husbandry is the science of caring and breeding of domestic

animals and the development of genetic traits such as high
yielding, disease resistance, etc. that are valuable to humanity.
 Animal husbandry involves breeding and raising livestock like
buffaloes, cows, goats, camels, horses, sheep etc. and even
extended to poultry farming and fisheries. Some of the salient
practices of animal husbandry are as follows:
 Management of farms and farm animals
 Animal Breeding
 Apiculture
 Why Animal Husbandry

 To increase milk production.

 To increase egg production.
 To increase meat production.
 To increase fish production.
 For proper utilization of animal wastes (biogas and
manure)
 History of Husbandry

Domestication of wild animals started in the

Prehistoric period, and they were
 Sheep (northern Iraq)
 Goats (same region)
 Modern Development

 Selective breeding
 Advances in animal nutrition
 Vet medicine
 Artificial insemination
 Embryo transfer
 Animal Breeding

 Another part of animal husbandry is animal breeding. Breeding of animals aims to develop high yielding
animals and improve the desirable qualities of the produce.

 Inbreeding – It refers to the practice of mating closely related superior males to superior females within
the same breed for 4-6 generations. The superior males and females among the progenies are further
mated for developing Mendelian pure lines which are homozygous in nature. However, continued close
inbreeding eventually decreases fertility and productivity; a phenomenon was known as inbreeding
depression.
 Out-breeding – It is the breeding of the unrelated animals that can be carried out in three different
fashions. When two unrelated individuals of the same breed which do not have a common ancestor for
the past 4-6 generations are mated, it is called out-crossing. Mating between a superior male of one breed
and a superior female of another breed to give a progeny with the combined qualities of both breeds is
known as crossbreeding. When males and females across different related species are mated, it is known
as interspecific hybridization.
 Apart from conventional breeding techniques, controlled breeding experiments are conducted utilizing
artificial insemination to yield the desired mating. To improve the chances of obtaining successful hybrids,
programs like Multiple Ovulation Embryo Transfer Technology (MOET) are used.
 Management  of farms and farm
animals

 This is a professional approach towards the conventional farm management

practices which gives the boost to food production.
• Dairy Farm Management – This is the management of the animals that provide
milk (milch animals). The goal is to enhance the quantity and quality of the milk
produced. For this purpose, high yielding and disease resistant breeds are
maintained in a strictly hygienic manner with proper housing, adequate water
supply, and nutrient-rich fodder. Regular inspection and record-keeping ensures
that a good high-quality yield is generated.
• Poultry Farm Management – Poultry farming refers to the rearing of
domesticated fowl (birds) for their meat and eggs. These birds include chicken,
ducks, turkey, geese, etc. Just like dairy farming, selection of disease-free and
suitable breeds, maintenance of hygienic farm conditions, providing proper food
and water, and health care, are the main goals of poultry farm management.
 Apiculture

 Maintenance of hives of honeybees for the production of honey

and beeswax is known as beekeeping or apiculture beekeeping.
Honey is an age-old food of high nutritional value and is also
used in traditional medicines across various cultures. Although it
is not a labour-intensive practice, an idea of the following points
is necessary for successful bee-keeping:-

 Selection of a suitable location for keeping the beehives.

 Nature and habits of bees.
 Catching and hiving of swarms.
 Handling and collection of honey and beeswax.
 Management of beehives during different seasons.
Apiculture
Apiculture
Honey-Bee Farms
 POULTRY FARMING

 Poultry farming is the raising of domesticated birds such as

chickens, Ducks, turkeys and geese, for the purpose of
farming meat or eggs for food.
 Poultry are farmed in great numbers with chickens being the
most numerous.
 More than 50 billion chickens are raised annually as a source
of food, for both their meat and their eggs .
 Chickens raised for eggs are usually called layers while
chickens raised for meat are often called broilers. In the US,
the national organization
 MARINE FISHERIES

 Generally, a fishery is an entity engaged in raising or harvesting fish which is determined by

some authority to be a fishery .
 According to the FAO, a fishery is typically defined in terms of the "people involved, species or
type of fish, area of water or seabed, method of fishing, class of boats, purpose of the activities
or a combination of the foregoing features". The definition often includes a combination of fish
and fishers in a region, the latter fishing for similar species with similar gear types.
 A fishery may involve the capture of wild fish or raising fish through fish farming or aquaculture .
Directly or indirectly, the livelihood of over 500 million people in developing countries depends
on fisheries and aquaculture.
 Overfishing, including the taking of fish beyond sustainable leves, is reducing fish stocks and
employment in many world regions.
 A report by Prince Charles' International Sustainability Unit, the New York-based Environmental
Defense Fund and 50in10 published in July 2014 estimated global fisheries were adding $270
billion a year to global GDP, but by full implementation of sustainable fishing, that figure could
rise by as much as $50 billion
 INLAND FISHERIES

 Inland capture fisheries are an important sector of

many local economies in Thailand and are considered
to be important in sustaining the livelihoods of many
rural communities. They are also important sources of
domestic fish consumption.
 The importance of the inland fisheries sector has been
highlighted in many reports and its significance in
providing food security and generating local income is
frequently highlighted
FISH PRODUCTION/Aquaculture

 Fish farming or pisciculture is the principal form of

aquaculture, while other methods may fall under
mariculture.
 Fish farming involves raising fish commercially in
tanks or enclosures, usually for food.
 A facility that releases juvenile fish into the wild for
recreational fishing or to supplement a species'
natural numbers is generally referred to as a fish
hatchery.
 Worldwide, the most important fish species used in
Various Revolutions related to
Animal Husbandry

 White revolution :- Related to increase milk

production.
 Silver Revolution :- Related to increase egg
production.
 Blue Revolution :- Related to increase fish production.
Rural entrepreneurship
 INTRODUCTION TO RURAL
ENTREPRENEURSHIP

 “Entrepreneurs” are people who create and grow enterprises.

 “Entrepreneurship” is the process through which entrepreneurs create and grow
enterprises.
 “Entrepreneurship development” refers to the infrastructure of public and private
policies and practices that foster and support entrepreneurship.
 Entrepreneur is a person of very high aptitude who pioneers change, possessing
characteristics found in only a very small fraction of the population.
 Another definitions, anyone who wants to work for himself or herself is considered
to be an entrepreneur. The word
 entrepreneur originates from the French word, entreprendre, which means "to
undertake." In a business context, it means to start a business. The Merriam-
Webster Dictionary presents the definition of an entrepreneur as one who
organizes, manages, and assumes the risks of a business or enterprise.
 Rural entrepreneurship

 entrepreneurship which ensures value addition to

rural resources in rural areas engaging largely rural
human resources. In other words, this means that
finished products are produced in rural areas out of
resources obtained in rural areas by largely rural
people.
Constraints of Potential Rural Entrepreneurs and Development

S.N Constraints Inputs

o
Low self-image and confidence.  Motivational inputs, unfreezing and experience sharing by
successful local entrepreneurs
No faith on others includes friends Group building experiences
No exposure to industry/business Field visit to factories and big markets
Who to contact for starting a venture, what Information inputs on procedures and formalities.
formalities and procedures are to be
followed?
How to know whether the Opportunity identification and guidance.
identified business is a viable and
sound proposition?
How to know whether the identified busines Market survey, project report preparation.
s is a viable and sound proposition?
How does one carry out bank operations? Training in simple banking procedures like filing up deposit
and withdrawal slip etc
How to manage the business? Basic management orientation through simulation exercises
How to read and write accounts?  Functional and numerical literacy. Simple accounting in terms
of writing income and expenditure
Almost no technical skills Technical training (on-the-job training).
 Village Industry

 According to the Khadi and Village Industries

Commission (KVIC), “village industry or rural industry
means any industry located in rural area, population
of which does not exceed 10,000 or such other figure
which produces any goods or renders any services
with or without use of power and in which the fixed
capital investment per head of an artisan or a worker
does not exceed a thousand Rupees”.
 The Government of India has recently modified the
definition of village industry as any industry located in
rural area, village or town with a population of 20,000
 Villages industries

 Mineral-based industries
 Forest-based industries
 Agro-based industries
 Engineering and non-conventional industries
 Textile industry (including Khadi), and
 Service industry.