Mole, atomic mass and molar mass

• Initially, the atomic mass of oxygen was taken as a reference base and
its numerical value was fixed at 16.
• But due to many isotopes of oxygen, later carbon-12 was taken as a
standard.
• Hence,
• “ the amount of substance of a system which contain as many elementary
entities as there are atoms in 0.012 kilograms of carbon-12 is defined as a
mole”
• A mole is the base unit in SI system.
 Chemical Process
Calculations
Sweta C Balchandani
Faculty, SOT-Chemical,
PDPU
Basic Chemical Calculations
Important points
• Some elements are monoatomic
• Potassium, sodium, etc
• and other may be diatomic
• Chlorine, oxygen, nitrogen, etc.
• Symbols for gram mole and kilogram mole are mol and kmol
• For chemical compounds, a mole is defined as the amount of substance
equal to its formula weight.
• The formula weight is called the molar mass (M).
• Based on this, the molecular mass of a monoatomic element is its atomic
mass while that of a diatomic element is double that of its atomic mass
e.g.
• 1 atom Al=27*g Al
• 1 katom Na=23*kg Na
• 1 mol O2=2 g atom O2=32*g O2
• 1 mol NaCl=23+35.5=58.5 * g NaCl
• Hence,
• (1 mole of compound X)/(1 mole of compound Y)=(molar mass of X/molar
mass of Y)
Important points
• Mass of an entity is expressed by ‘m’. .
• Its flowrate is expressed as qm or m
• For moles, ‘n’ is used
• The term “mixture” is described a gaseous, liquid or solid phase
containing more than one substance, when the substances are
treated in the same way.
Example-1
• How many grams of NH4Cl are there in 5 mol?
Example-2
• Convert 499 g CuSO4.5H2O into mol. Find the equivalent mol of CuSO4
in the crystals.
Example-3
• How many moles of K2CO3 will contain 117 kg K?
Example-4
• How many atoms are present in 416.6 g barium chloride?
Equivalent Mass
• One equivalent mass of an element or compound has precisely the
same power for chemical combination as one equivalent mass of any
other element or compound. It depends strictly upon the reaction in
which the molecule participates.
1
H 2  O2 
 H 2O
2
• In this reaction, hydrogen is monovalent whereas oxygen is divalent.
Two atoms of hydrogen combine with one atom of oxygen to form
water.
• KOH+HNO3 KNO3+H2O
• In this reaction, one equivalent mass of KOH combines with one
equivalent mass of HNO3 to produce one equivalent mass of KNO3
and one equivalent mass of H2O.
• The reactivity of a molecule in a chemical reaction determines the
equivalent mass of the molecule.
• The equivalent mass of an element or a compound is equal to the
atomic mass or molecular mass divided by the valence.
• The valence of an element or a compound depends on the number of
hydrogen ions accepted or the hydroxyl ions donated for each atomic
mass or molecular mass
• Equivalent mass= atomic or molar mass/ valence
• 1 g equivalent of hydrogen=1/1=1 gm of hydrogen
• 1 g equivalent of oxygen =16/2=8 gm of oxygen
• 1 g equivalent of Cu=63.5/2=31.75 gm of Cu
• 1 g equivalent of H3PO4=98.1/3=32.7 gm of H3PO4
Example-5
• Find the equivalent mass of (a) PO4 radical and (b) Na3PO4
• Molar mass of PO4 radical=31+(4*16)=95 g/gmol
• Valence of PO4 radical=3
• Equivalent mass=95/3=31.67 gm of PO4 radical
Example-6

• Find the equivalents of 3 kmol of AlCl3

• Equivalents= (total no. of moles)*valency=3*3=9keq
Solids
• The composition of solids is expressed in mass percentages. For
compound system A and B,
• Mass % of A=(mass of A/(mass of (A+B))*100
• Mass % of B=(mass of B/(mass of (A+B))*100
• Moles of A=mass of A/molar mass of A=mA/MA
• Moles of B=mass of B/molar mass of B=mB/MB
• Mole % of A=(moles of A/(moles of (A+B))*100
• Mole % of B=(moles of B/(moles of (A+B))*100
Example-7
• Sodium chloride weighing 600 kg is mixed with 200 kg of potassium
chloride. Find the composition of the mixture in (a) mass % and (b)
mole %
Example-8
• A carbon based solid –acid catalyst has the formula CH0.35O0.35S0.14.
Using atomic mass data, calculate its mass % composition and molar
mass of the catalyst.

Element Kg atom Atomic mass kg Mass %

Carbon 1 12 12 53.499
Oxygen 0.35 16 5.6 24.96
Sulphur 0.14 32 4.48 19.97
Hydrogen 0.35 1 0.35 1.56

1.84 kmol 22.43 99.98==100

Example-9
• The available nitrogen in a urea sample is found to be 45 % (by mass).
Find the actual urea content in the sample.
• Basis: 100 kg of urea
• Nitrogen=45 kg
• Molar mass of urea(NH2CONH2)=60 kg/kmol
• Nitrogen content in 1kmol of urea=28 kg
• Actual urea present in the sample=(60*45)/28=96.43 kg
Example-10
• Caustic soda flakes obtained from a manufacturer are found to
contain 60 ppm silica (SiO2). Convert the impurity into mass %.
• Mass % of SiO2=60 ppm
=(60g SiO2/10^6 g total solids)*100
=0.006 %
Example-11
• A label of medicine in the form of a tablet, mentions that there are
800 mg of calcium phosphate, 200 mg of calcium carbonate and 5 mg
of calcium fluoride in the tablet. Calculate calcium and fluoride
content of the tablet.
• Molar mass of Ca3(PO4)2=310
• Molar mass of CaCO3=100
• Molar mass of CaF2=78
• Total calcium content=(800*120)/310 +(200*40)/100 +(40*5)/78 =392.23 mg
• Total fluoride content= (38.07*5/78)=2.43 mg
Liquids and Solutions
• A solution means a solute is dissolved in the solvent.
• The solute can be a solid, a liquid or a gas.
• In the case of solids, the solubility is expressed in g/100g solvent at a
definite temperature.
• It stands that the maximum amount of solid which can be dissolved in the
solvent will be equal to its solubility at that particular temperature.
• Can be expressed in mass%, mole % or volume %
• The trace impurities are expressed in mg/L or ppm
Example-12
• A saturated solution of salicylic acid in methanol contain 64 kg salicylic acid per 100
kg methanol at 25 C. Find (a) the mass % and (b) mole % compositions of the solution.
• Basis: Methanol is 100 Kg, 64 kg salicylic acid
• Mass of solution=100+64=164 kg
• Mass % salicylic acid=(64/164)*100=39.02
• Mass % of methanol=(100/164)*100=100-39.02=60.98
• Molar mass of methanol(CH3OH)=32
• Molar of salicylic acid(C7H6O3)=138
• Moles of methanol=100/32=3.125 kmol
• Moles of salicylic acid= 64/138=0.464 kmol
• Total moles=3.589 kmol
• Moles % methanol=(3.125*100/3.589)=87.07
• Moles % salicylic acid=12.93
Example-13
• A saturated solution of NaCl in aqueous HCl is prepared at 40 C by
dissolving 13.7 g HCL /100 g water and 8.67 g NaCl /100 g water.
Calculate mass % and mole % composition of the solution
Example-14
• What will be the % Na2O content of lye containing 73% caustic soda
by mass?
• Basis:100 gm lye
• 73 gm is NaOH
• 2NaOHNa2O+H2O
• Molar mass of Na2O=62
• Molar mass of NaOH=40
• Na2O in the solution=62*73/(40*2)=56.58 gm
Example-15
• Glycerin, weighing 600 mg, is dissolved in pure water to make a final
solution of 1 litre. Find the TOC and ThOD of the solution.
• Basis: 1 litre of solution
• CH2OH-CHOH-CH2OH
• 1 kmol of glycerine containes 3 atom of carbon
• Molar mass of glycerine=92
• Glycerine conc. In the solution=600mg/L
• Total carbon present in the solution(TOC)=(3*12/92)*600=234.8 mg/L
• C3H8O3 + 3.5 O2 == 3 CO2 + 4 H2O
• The O2 requirement of glycerine present in the solution
• ThOD=(3.5*32*600)/92=730.4 mg/L
Example-16
• By titration, it was found that a sample of water contains hardness
equivalent to 500 mg/L(ppm) CaCO3. Assuming that the water contains
temporary hardness in 60% Ca(HCO3)2 form and 40 % Mg(HCO3)2 form,
find the concentrations of both in water.
• Molar mass of CaCO3, M1=100
• Valence of CaCO3=2
• Equivalent mass of CaCO3=100/2=50
• Molar mass of Ca(HCO3)2, M2=162
• Valence of Ca(HCO3)2=2
• Equivalent mass of Ca(HCO3)2=162/2=81
• Actual concentration of Ca(HCO3)2 in the sample of water,
• C1=(81/50)*500*0.6=486 mg/L

• Molar mass of Mg(HCO3)2,M3=146.3

• Valence of Mg(HCO3)2=2
• Equivalent mass of Mg(HCO3)2=146.3/2=73.15
• Actual content of Mg(HCO3)2 in the sample of water,
• C2=(73.15)*500*0.4/50=292.6 mg/L
Example-17
• A Sample of light diesel oil (LDO) from a refinery is found to contain
0.68% mass % sulphur (as S). Its density is 0.85 kg/L at 30 C. Convert
this impurity into ppm.
• Basis: 100 kg LDO
• Sulphur content=0.68 kg/100kg LDO
=0.68 kg*0.85 kg/100 kg .L =0.578*10^6/100 (kg/L)
=5780 mg/L
Concentrations
• There are 3 ways of expressing the concentration of a solution
containing either a solid or a liquid solute:
• Molarity
• Normality
• Molality
Concentrations
• Molarity
• The number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 litre of solution
• Normality
• The number of gram equivalents dissolved in 1 litre of solution
• Molality
• The number of moles of solute dissolved in 1 kilogram of solvent

• The concentration of solute C in g/L =normality (N)*equivalent mass

Example-18
• A solution of sodium chloride in water contains 20% NaCl (by mass) at
60 C. The density of the solution is 1.127 kg/L. Find the molarity,
normality and molality of the solution
• Basis:100 kg of solution
• Mass of NaCl=20 kg
• Mass of solvent water=80 kg
• Volume of solution=100/1.127=88.73 L
• Moles of NaCl=wt/mol.wt.=20/58.8=0.342 kmol
• Molarity=0.342*1000g /88.73 L=3.85 M
• Normality=3.85 N
• Molality m=0.342kmol/80 kg=4.275 mol/kg
Example-19
• Aqueous solution of triethanolamine (TEA)i.e. N(CH2CH2OH)3,
contains 50 % TEA by mass. Find the molarity of the solution if the
density of the solution is 1.05 kg/L.
Example-20
• The concentration of CO2 is measured to be 0.206 kmol per kmol monoethanolamine (MEA) in a 20%
(by mass) aqueous MEA solution. Assuming the density of the solution to be nearly 1.0 kg/L., find the
concentration of CO2 as mass % and mol% in the solution.
• Basis: 100 kg of aq.MEA
• Mass of MEA=20 kg
• Molar mass of MEA=NH2CH2CH2OH=61
• Moles of MEA in the solution=20/61=0.3278 kmol
• CO2 dissolved in the solution=0.206*0.3278 =0.0675 kmol
• Mass of CO2=no. of mole*molecular mass=0.0675*44=2.971 kg
• Mass of water=100-20-2.971 kg=77.03 kg
• Moles of water=77.03/18=4.28 kmol
• Mole % CO2=1.443%
• Mass % CO2=2.97%
pH
• The
  physical properties of a pure solvent and a solution differ depending
upon the amount of solute in it.
• pH=-log(H+)
• H+=hydrogen ion concentration in geq/L
• pH is used to express acidity or alkalinity of a solution.
• A pH of 7 is neutral, pH>7 alkaline, pH<7 acidic
• Concentration of weak acid in geql/L and concentration of H+ ions in
geq/L are different
• Concentration of H+ ions in aqueous solution of weak acid is given by
• Ma is molarity of the weak acid and Ka is ionization constant
Example-21
• Calculate the pH of 0.1 M hypochlorous acid whose ionization
constant is 9.6*10-7