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    Unit-VI Introduction To Computer Architecture

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    rajdatta
    The document discusses computer architecture and microprocessor components. It introduces the basic components of a computer system including the central processing unit (CPU), memory, and input/output (I/O) devices. It describes how a microprocessor reads instructions from memory using address and data buses, decodes and executes them, and processes data by performing arithmetic and logical operations. The document also explains the fetch-execute cycle of a microprocessor and how it uses registers, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), and a control unit to perform operations. It provides examples of 4-bit registers, ALUs, multipliers, and decoders that are used in computer hardware.

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    Unit-VI Introduction To Computer Architecture

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    rajdatta
    30 views24 pages
    The document discusses computer architecture and microprocessor components. It introduces the basic components of a computer system including the central processing unit (CPU), memory, and input/output (I/O) devices. It describes how a microprocessor reads instructions from memory using address and data buses, decodes and executes them, and processes data by performing arithmetic and logical operations. The document also explains the fetch-execute cycle of a microprocessor and how it uses registers, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), and a control unit to perform operations. It provides examples of 4-bit registers, ALUs, multipliers, and decoders that are used in computer hardware.

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    deld unit 6

    Original Title

    Unit 6

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    The document discusses computer architecture and microprocessor components. It introduces the basic components of a computer system including the central processing unit (CPU), memory, and input/output (I/O) devices. It describes how a microprocessor reads instructions from memory using address and data buses, decodes and executes them, and processes data by performing arithmetic and logical operations. The document also explains the fetch-execute cycle of a microprocessor and how it uses registers, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), and a control unit to perform operations. It provides examples of 4-bit registers, ALUs, multipliers, and decoders that are used in computer hardware.

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    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    30 views24 pages

    Unit-VI Introduction To Computer Architecture

    Uploaded by

    rajdatta
    The document discusses computer architecture and microprocessor components. It introduces the basic components of a computer system including the central processing unit (CPU), memory, and input/output (I/O) devices. It describes how a microprocessor reads instructions from memory using address and data buses, decodes and executes them, and processes data by performing arithmetic and logical operations. The document also explains the fetch-execute cycle of a microprocessor and how it uses registers, an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), and a control unit to perform operations. It provides examples of 4-bit registers, ALUs, multipliers, and decoders that are used in computer hardware.

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    Unit-VI

    Introduction to Computer Architecture


    Introduction to Ideal Microprocessor:

    • A computer can be represented functionally (in a simplified form) by the


    block diagram as shown, it comprises of three basic parts or sub-
    systems:

    2
    Introduction to Ideal Microprocessor:

    • The microprocessor or CPU reads each instruction from the memory,


    decodes it and executes it.
    • It processes the data as required in the instructions. The processing is in
    the form of arithmetic and logical operations.
    • The data is retrieved from memory or taken from an input device and
    the result of processing is stored in the memory or delivered to an
    appropriate output device, all as per the instructions.

    3
    Data Bus, Address Bus, Control Bus

    4
    Data Bus:

    •Data lines that provide a path for moving data among system
    modules
    •May consist of 32, 64, 128, or more separate lines
    •The number of lines determines how many bits of data can be
    transferred at a time.

    5
    Address Bus:

    If the processor wishes to read a word of


    data from memory it puts the address of the
    desired word on the address lines

    •Used to address I/O ports

    6
    Control Bus:

    •Used to control the access and the use of the data and address lines.

    •Data and Address lines are shared by all components there must be a means of
    controlling their use.

    •Control signals transmit both command and timing information among system
    modules
    • Timing signals indicate the validity of data and address information
    • Command signals specify operations to be performed

    7
    Microprocessor based Systems – Basic Operation :

    8
    Hardware and Software Approaches

    9
    Major components:

    • CPU
    • Instruction interpreter
    • Module of general-purpose arithmetic and logic functions
    • I/O Components
    • Input module
    • Contains basic components for accepting data and instructions and converting
    them into an internal form of signals usable by the system
    • Output module
    • Means of reporting results
    • Memory

    10
    Memory & I/O:

    Memory address Memory buffer


    register (MAR) register (MBR)
    Specifies the Contains the data
    to be written into
    address in memory or
    memory for receives the data
    the next read read from
    or write memory

    I/O buffer register


    I/O address (I/OBR)
    register (I/OAR) Used for the
    Specifies a exchange of
    particular I/O data between
    device an I/O module
    and the CPU

    11
    Microprocessor operation:

    •FETCH: At the beginning of each instruction cycle the processor fetches


    an instruction from memory.
    •EXECUTE:Execute the Instruction.

    12
    Read & Write Cycle:

    13
    Processor Components

    • ALU- Arithmetic Logic Unit


    • Registers
    • Control Unit

    ALU
    14
    Registers:

    Register as data storage 4 bit Register

    15
    Registers:

    16
    Control Unit:

    17
    4-BIT ARITHMETIC LOGIC UNIT
    • The SN54/74LS181 is a 4-bit Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU) which can
    perform all the possible 16 logic, operations on two variables and a
    variety of arithmetic operations.
    • Provides 16 Arithmetic Operations Add, Subtract, Compare, Double, Plus
    Twelve Other Arithmetic Operations
    • Provides all 16 Logic Operations of Two Variables Exclusive — OR, Compare,
    AND, NAND, OR, NOR, Plus Ten other Logic Operations
    • Full Lookahead for High Speed Arithmetic Operation on Long Words
    • Input Clamp Diodes
    Pin Configuration
    Pin Names
    Functional Table
    4-Bit Multiplier and Shift register
    Memory Organization
    Digital Circuit using Decoder and Register

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