4 External and Internal Criticism

External and Internal
Criticism
CRITICISM
noun
 the act of passing judgment as to the merits of anything.
 the act of passing severe judgment; censure; faultfinding.
 the act or art of analyzing and evaluating or judging the quality of a literary or
artistic work, musical performance, art exhibit, dramatic production, etc.
 a critical comment, article, or essay; critique.
 any of various methods of studying texts or documents for the purpose of dating
or reconstructing them, evaluating their authenticity, analyzing their content or
style, etc.:historical criticism; literary criticism.
 investigation of the text, origin, etc., of literary documents, especially Biblical
ones:textual criticism.
Dictionary.com
External and
Internal Criticism
Any source materials collected
should be subjected for
Evaluation
both externally and
internally.
(Shafer 1980).
External Criticism
Refers to the Genuineness,
Authenticity, Validity or
Trustworthiness of any documents the
researcher uses.
Guide Questions for External Criticism
a. Who wrote the document?
b. For what purpose was the document written? For whom was it
intended and why?
c. When was the document written? Is the date on the document
accurate? Could the details described have actually happened
during this time?
d. Where was the document written? Could the details described
have occurred in this location?
e. Under what condition was the document written?
f. Do different forms or versions of the document exist?
Internal Criticism
Determining the Accuracy of the

content of the document and the
Truthfulness of the author, looks
into what the document says.
Guide Questions for Internal
Criticism
a. Was the author present during the event he/she was
describing?
b. Was the author a participant or observer?
c. Was the author competent to describe the event?
d. Was the author emotionally involved in the event?
e. Did the author have any vested interest in the
outcome of the event?
External Criticism - Asks if the evidence under
consideration is Authentic. The researcher checks the
Genuineness or Validity of the source. Is it what it appears or
claims to be? Is it admissible as evidence?
Internal Criticism - After the source is authenticated, it asks
if the source is Accurate, was the writer or creator
competent, honest, and unbiased? How long after the event
happened until it was reported? Does the witness agree with
other witnesses?
Dolphins
 Dolphins are regarded as the friendliest creatures in the sea and stories of
them helping drowning sailors have been common since Roman times. The
more we learn about dolphins, the more we realize that their society is
more complex than people previously imagined. They look after other
dolphins when they are ill, care for pregnant mothers and protect the
weakest in the community, as we do. Some scientists have suggested that
dolphins have a language but it is much more probable that they
communicate with each other without needing words. Could any of these
mammals be more intelligent than man? Certainly the most common
argument in favor of man's superiority over them that we can kill them
more easily than they can kill us is the least satisfactory. On the contrary,
the more we discover about these remarkable creatures, the less we appear
superior when we destroy them.
Lions - Documentary Script
The lions must hunt and find food soon or they will die. The pride follows
the herd hoping to find an opening. The cubs are too young to keep up and
very soon will perish from hunger. Life is tough here on the plains and
survival is far from guaranteed. A simple injury can often spell the end for
both predator and prey.
The dry season and heat are too much for some. Both elephants and lions
press on and soon the rains will come and with it, the life giving water and
greenery that can promise life for all.
The lions have brought down a young elephant that has strayed from the
herd. This much needed break will feed the pride for a week and has
probably made the difference between life and death. Script from Edge Studio's 6,016
Copyright 2019 © Edge Studio, LLC
Characteristics of Good Historical
Account
1. Must be original work, not a rehash or recycling of historical
facts which has been written about countless times.
2. It deals with subject matter which is of historical value. It
must show where we come from, how things changed, what
particular path was taken, and for what reason and, why we
are and where we are now.
3. It must meet basic academic standards of any written work.
Ethical Issues in writing
1. Do not plagiarize. Always acknowledge and provide citation for the
source of your data.
Do not pass work of another as your own, because this will eventually
find out. Plagiarism is intellectual theft.
2. Do not make others do your research work or use other peoples’ data
without giving credit to them.
3. Respect the wishes of your sources by keeping confidential any
information given to you off the record.
4. Always tell your informants or sources that you are going to use the
materials they gave or lent or the testimonies they have provided ;
also, that you will be using these in a written account.
5. Do not conduct your research under false pretenses.
Making An Outline
1. Introduction- short essay on what your topic is about, its scope, and time frame and
possibly what made you choose the topic for your research.
2. Chronology- this optional but useful for complex narratives and would help you
reconcile conflicting dates of he events that occurred.
3. Text- the main part of your written account which contains the bulk of your data; this
must be organized and coherent.
4. Analysis – an explanation of the data you have provided: this could include the
analytical framework or theory that you employed.
5. Conclusions and recommendations - -based on the text and analysis, a summation of

your findings
6. Appendix and Glossary – these are materials which could
not be incorporated into the text but would add to the
clarity and depth of your research.
7. Endnotes and footnotes –usually demanded in academic

research but may not always be applicable
8. Bibliography- a listing of books and sources used,

classified according to whether primary or secondary
,published or unpublished, oral or witten.
Characteristics of Good Historical
Account
1. Must be original work, not a rehash or recycling of historical facts
which has been written about countless times.
2. It deals with subject matter which is of historical value. It must show

where we come from, how things changed, what particular path was
taken, and for what reason and, why we are and where we are now.
3. It must meet basic academic standards of any written work

Criticism: Example of scandalous cases deception
in Philippine history:
 Hoax of Code of Kalantiaw. The code was a set of

rules contained in an epic , Maragtas, which was
allegedly written by a certain Datu Kalantiaw.
(until 1968)
American historian William henry Scott
debunked the authenticity of the code due to
anachronism and lack of evidence to prove it
existed in the precolonial Philippine society.
Criticism: Example of scandalous cases deception
in Philippine history:
Ferdinand Marcos also claimed that he was a

decorated World War II soldier who led a
guerilla unit called Maharlika.
This claim was disproven when historians
counterchecked Marcos’ claims with the
war records of the United States.
Check Lianne’s ppt slides.
 External criticism: authenticity and provenance

 Garraghan divides criticism into six inquiries[3]
 When was the source, written or unwritten, produced (date)?
 Where was it produced (localization)?
 By whom was it produced (authorship)?
 From what pre-existing material was it produced (analysis)?
 In what original form was it produced (integrity)?
 What is the evidential value of its contents (credibility)?
 The first four are known as higher criticism; the fifth, lower criticism; and, together, external criticism. The sixth and
final inquiry about a source is called internal criticism.
 R. J. Shafer on external criticism: "It sometimes is said that its function is negative, merely saving us from using false
evidence; whereas internal criticism has the positive function of telling us how to use authenticated evidence."[4]
 [edit]Internal criticism: historical reliability
 Noting that few documents are accepted as completely reliable, Louis Gottschalk sets down the general rule, "for each
particular of a document the process of establishing credibility should be separately undertaken regardless of the
general credibility of the author." An author's trustworthiness in the main may establish a background probability for
the consideration of each statement, but each piece of evidence extracted must be weighed individually
Sources:
 Readings in Philippine History by John Lee P. Candelaria and Veronica C.

Alporha
 Batis Sources in Philippine History by Jose Victor Torres
 Adrian Z. de Lumen, LPT, MM

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External and Internal

Determining the Accuracy of the

5. Conclusions and recommendations - -based on the text and analysis, a summation of

7. Endnotes and footnotes –usually demanded in academic

8. Bibliography- a listing of books and sources used,

2. It deals with subject matter which is of historical value. It must show

3. It must meet basic academic standards of any written work

 Hoax of Code of Kalantiaw. The code was a set of

Ferdinand Marcos also claimed that he was a

 External criticism: authenticity and provenance

 Readings in Philippine History by John Lee P. Candelaria and Veronica C.

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