Utilities 1

-Engr. Ryan Paul D. Mendoza

Introduction to Electricity
 Electricity is the most prevalent form of energy in a modern building. The bulk of electric energy
utilized today is in the form of alternating current (AC), produced by AC generators commonly
called alternators. Direct‐ current (DC) generators are utilized for special applications requiring
large quantities of DC

 Electron (Negatively charge) m= 9.11 x 10-31 kg

 Proton (Positively charged) m=1.675 x 10-27 kg

 Neutron
HOW IS ELECTRICITY PRODUCED

1. Electricity Produced from Frictional Energy (Static Electricity)

-It can be produced by rubbing certain dissimilar materials together
2. ELECTRICITY PRODUCED FROM PRESSURE
-Electricity produced from pressure is called piezoelectricity, which is produced by certain
crystalline materials such as quartz and barium titanate
3. ELECTRICITY PRODUCED FROM HEAT
-The amount of charge produced depends on the difference in temperature between junction
and the opposite ends of two wires
HOW IS ELECTRICITY PRODUCED

4. ELECTRICITY PRODUCED FROM CHEMICAL REACTION

-Electric cells are electricity produced by chemical reactions
5. ELECTRICITY PRODUCED FROM LIGHT
-The electricity is produced by light striking photosensitive materials. These materials
release electrons when excited by light under the right conditions
6. ELECTRICITY PRODUCED FROM MAGNETISM
-Electricity produced by relative movement of a magnet and a wire that result in the
cutting of lines of force
DIRECT CURRENT

– is a current that remains constant with time

ALTERNATING CURRENT
is a current that varies sinusoidally with time
Electric Current-Ampere

 Amperes, amp or A
 Standard unit in measuring the strength of an electric current named after Andre M. Ampere.
 It is the amount of current flow sent by one volt through a resistance of one Ohm.
Electric Potential-Volt

 Named after Alessandro Volta discovered that electrons flow when two different metals are
connected by a wire and then dipped in a liquid that conduct or carry electrons.
 Potential difference or voltage is the name given to this tendency, or force.
 It is the electrical pressure that causes the electrons to move through a conductor. Voltage is the
electromotive force, emf.
Electrical Resistance- Ohm Ω
 The flow of current in a circuit (electrical wiring installation) is resisted by wire, transformer and other
devices.

 In a DC circuit this force is called resistance and is abbreviated R; in an AC circuit it is called impedance
and is abbreviated Z

Metals generally have the least resistance and are therefore called conductors. The best conductors are the
precious metals—silver, gold, and platinum—with copper and aluminum being only slightly inferior. Materials
that resist the flow of current are called insulators. Glass, mica, rubber, oil, distilled water, porcelain, and
certain synthetics exhibit nonconductive properties and are used to insulate electric conductors. Common
examples are rubber and plastic wire coverings, porcelain lamp sockets, and oil‐immersed switches
ELECTRIC CIRCUIT
ELECTRICAL SYMBOL
OHM’s LAW

  states that the current flowing in an electric circuit is directly proportional to the impressed emf
applied to the circuit and inversely to the equivalent resistance of the said circuit. Named after
the German physicist, Georg S. Ohm (1787-1854)Ohm’s law:
I = or I =
V = impressed voltage (v)
I = current drawn (ampere)
R = resistance (ohm)
Or written in another form:
V = IR
Conductance (G)

  Conductance is a measure of the material’s ability to conduct electric current

 Reciprocal of Resistance
 Measured in mho ( ℧ ), siemens (S)

 Siemens (formerly mho)

-unit of conductance
-named after the german engineer, Earnst Werner von Siemens (1816-1892)
Example 1

 An incandescent lamp having a hot resistance of 66 ohms is put into a socket that is aconnected
to a 115‐V supply. What current flows through the lamp (after it reaches operating
temperature)?

  Solution:
R= 66 ohms
V= 115 V
I= = = 1.74 amps (A)
Example 2

  Determine the current flow in a circuit having a resistance of 5 Ohms on a 120 volts and 240
volts supply.

SOLUTION:
1. For 120 volts I= =
I = 24 amps
2. For 240 volts I= =
I = 48 amps
Example 3

 A circuit has a resistance of 20 Ohms and the current flows at 12 amps. Determine the voltage.

SOLUTION:
V = IR
V = 12 x 20
V = 240 volts
Series Circuits
 In a series arrangement the elements are connected one after another in series.The current I is
the same in all parts of the circuit. The sum of the voltages is equal to the total applied voltage
Voltage total : VT = V1 + V2 + V3 ….
Resistance : RT = R1 + R2 + R3 ….
Example

The battery in the figure is rated at 12 V; the total line

resistance (the total for both wire segments) is 0.04 ohm;
the battery internal resistance is 0.01 ohm; and the load
resistance is 1.15 ohms. Determine (a) the current
flowing in the circuit and (b) the voltage across the load
(Vcd).
Example

 Solution:
a. the current flowing
I= =

I = = 10 A

b. voltage drop across the load

Vcd = I x Rcd = 10A x 1.15ohms = 11.5 V

Example

Two
  automobile headlights are connected in series to a 12 volt battery each having a resistance of
1.0 ohm. What is the current flowing in the circuit?

Solution:
V= 12 volts
Total Resistance= R1+R2 = 1.0 + 1.0 = 2.0 ohms
Ohm’s Law: = = 6 amp
Parallel Circuit

 When two or more branches with loads are connected between the same two points, they are
said to be connected in parallel or multiple
Parallel Circuit
Parallel Circuit

  
 The voltage across each load is the same, but the current in each load (branch) depends upon
the resistance of that load. Parallel loads, in effect, constitute separate circuits. In this
arrangement the total current in the circuit is the sum of the individual currents flowing in the
branches

I T = I 1+ I 2 + I 3

+ +

+ +
Loads connected in parallel are equivalent to separate circuits combined into a single circuit. The
parallel circuit is the standard arrangement in all building wiring wherein the lights constitute one
parallel grouping and the convenience wall outlets constitute a second parallel grouping
Example: Two resistors, of resistance 3 and 6, are connected in parallel across a battery having a
voltage of 12 V. Determine a) the total circuit resistance and b) the current flowing in the two
resistors

 a. Total circuit resistance

+
+ = ⇒
= 2 ohms

b. Current flowing in the 2 resistor

I= = = 6 amps
Current Division
Example: For the series-parallel connection shown in the figure , find a) supply current b) current
flowing through each resistor c) the p.d. across each resistor.

  + ⇒ +
=
=1.5 ohm

Supply Current I= V/ =
= 200 V / 8 ohm
I= 25 A
The current flowing through R1 and R4 is 25
A The current flowing through R2
The current flowing through R3
Example: For the series-parallel connection shown in the figure , find a) supply current b) current
flowing through each resistor c) the p.d. across each resistor.

p.d. across R1, i.e. V1 =IR1 =(25)(2.5)=62.5 V

p.d. across Rx , i.e. Vx =IRx =(25)(1.5)=37.5 V
p.d. across R4, i.e. V4 =IR4 =(25)(4)=100 V
Hence the p.d. across R2 =p.d. across R3 =37.5 V
Power
- rate at which energy is used or alternatively, the rate at which work is
done
- Represents the equivalent heat volts and ampere consumed by
appliances , lights or motors.

Watt
-named after James Watt
Power

P=VI
By Ohm’s Law V=IR
P= I2 R
P – Watts
R - Ohms
I - amp or A
V - Volts
Example : A mercury lamp having a hot resistance of 50 Ohms is connected to a socket with 240 v
current supply.
a. How much current flows through the lamp
b. Calculate the power drawn
 
Solution :
a. b.
P = VI x pf
= 240 x 4.8 x 1.0
I= 4.8 A P = 1152 watts
P = 1.152 kW
Energy

Energy or Work = Power x Time

 Joules
 Kilowatt hours
Energy Calculation

APPLIANCES LOAD DAILY USED

Electric Iron 1,200 watts 2 hours

Water Heater 1, 000 watts 3 hours

Toaster 2,300 watts 30 mins

Solution :
Energy = Power x Time

Electric iron = 1,200 w = 1.2 kW x 2hrs = 2.4 kWh

Water Heater = 1000 w= 1 kW x 3 hrs = 3 kWh
Toaster = 1,300w= 1.3kW x 0.5 hrs= .65 kWh
Total = 6.05 kWh

If the average cost of energy is ₱ 9.32 per kWh

Total Cost = 6.05 kWh x ₱ 9.32 / kWh x 30
= ₱ 1, 691.58
Voltage drop in wire = Carried current x Resistance of wire = I x R

The power loss in the wire can be calculated as the product of voltage and current
P= VI
P = I x (IR)
P = I2 R

Example : 1, 200 w appliance

For a 120 v current supply : For a 240 v current supply :

I= 1200 / 120 I= 1200 / 240
I = 10 A I = 5A

Advantages of a 240 v over the 120 v current

1. Smaller wire is required which means lower cost
2. Less power loss
3. Smaller percentage of voltage drop
Example :
The owner of a 5 kW electric motor irrigation pump requested connection from the electric
cooperative. The pump is 90 meters from the service post of the power service . The owner was
given a choice to avail either 120 or 240 v service. What is the good choice if the circuit line has a
resistance of .42 Ohms

Current drawn
Current drawn = 41.66 A = 20.83 A
Minimum wire size
Minimumto wire
required carrysize
the
No. 8 AWG No. 12 AWG
required
currenttowithout
carry the
No. 8 AWG No. 12 AWG
current without
overheating
overheating
41.66 x .42 20.83 x .42
Voltage drop 41.66 x .42
= 17.5 v 20.83 x .42
= 8.75
Voltage drop ==14.60
17.5 v% ==3.60%
8.75
= 14.60 % = 3.60%
THANK YOU!