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The Endocrine System

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140 views18 pages

The Endocrine System

Uploaded by

adelina.jianu9991
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Essentials of Human Anatomy & Physiology

Seventh Edition
Elaine N. Marieb

Chapter 9
The Endocrine System

Slides 9.1 – 9.22

Lecture Slides in PowerPoint by Jerry L. Cook


Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
I. The Endocrine System
A. Uses chemical messages (hormones)
that are released into the blood
B. Hormones are produced by specialized
cells
C. Cells secrete hormones into extracellular
fluids
D. Blood transfers hormones to target sites

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.1
E. These hormones regulate the
activity of other cells
• Reproduction
• Growth and development
• Mobilization of body defenses
• Maintenance of much of homeostasis
• Regulation of metabolism
II. The Chemistry of Hormones

A. Amino acid-based hormones


 Proteins
 Peptides
 Amines
B. Steroids – made from cholesterol
C. Prostaglandins – made from highly
active lipids
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.3
III. Mechanisms of Hormone Action

A. Hormones affect only certain tissues or


organs (target cells or organs)
B. Target cells must have specific protein
receptors
C. Hormone binding influences the
working of the cells

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.4
D. Effects Caused by Hormones

1. Changes in plasma membrane


permeability or electrical state
2. Synthesis of proteins, such as enzymes
3. Activation or inactivation of enzymes
4. Stimulation of mitosis

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.5
E. Steroid Hormone Action
1. Steroid hormones can diffuse through
the plasma membrane of target cells
2. Enter the nucleus
3. Bind to specific sites on the cell’s DNA
4. Activate genes that result in synthesis
of new proteins

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.6
Steroid Hormone Action

Figure 9.1a

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.7
F. Non-steroid Hormone Action
1. Hormone binds to a membrane
receptor
2. Hormone does not enter the cell
3. Sets off a series of reactions that
activates an enzyme
4. Catalyzes a reaction that produces a
second messenger molecule
5. Oversees additional intracellular
changes to promote a specific response
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.8
Nonsteroid Hormone Action

Figure 9.1b

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.9
G. Control of Hormone Release

1. Hormone levels in the blood are


maintained by negative feedback
2. A stimulus or low hormone levels in the
blood triggers the release of more
hormone
3. Hormone release stops once an
appropriate level in the blood is reached

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.10
IV. Stimuli of Endocrine Glands

A. Endocrine glands
are activated by
other hormones

Figure 9.2a

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.11
B. Changing blood
levels of certain
ions stimulate
hormone release

Figure 9.2b

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.12
C. In some cases
Nerve impulses
stimulate hormone
release
D. Most are under
control of the
sympathetic nervous
system
Figure 9.2c

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.13
Location of Major Endrocrine Organs
9.15
Slide

Figure 9.3

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.14
V. Hormone-Producing Tissues and
Organs

A. Parts of the small intestine


B. Parts of the stomach
C. Kidneys
D. Heart
E. Many other areas have scattered
endocrine cells

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.39
F. Endocrine Function of the
Placenta
1. Produces hormones that maintain the
pregnancy
2. Some hormones play a part in the
delivery of the baby
3. Produces HCG in addition to estrogen,
progesterone, and other hormones

Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.40
VI. Developmental Aspects of the
Endocrine System
A. Most endocrine organs operate
smoothly until old age
1. Menopause is brought about by lack of
efficiency of the ovaries
2. Problems associated with reduced estrogen
are common
3.Growth hormone production declines with
age
4. Many endocrine glands decrease output with
age
Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Slide 9.41

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