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    AI Lecture 4 Practical

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    Jegr Sardar
    The document discusses the components and structure of Prolog programs, including domains to define parameters, predicates to define rules and facts, clauses to define the program body, and a goal to execute the program. It also covers predefined functions and I/O in Prolog, and provides examples of Prolog programs to read and write numbers, compare numbers, and calculate the sum of two numbers.

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    AI Lecture 4 Practical

    Uploaded by

    Jegr Sardar
    46 views15 pages
    The document discusses the components and structure of Prolog programs, including domains to define parameters, predicates to define rules and facts, clauses to define the program body, and a goal to execute the program. It also covers predefined functions and I/O in Prolog, and provides examples of Prolog programs to read and write numbers, compare numbers, and calculate the sum of two numbers.

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    The document discusses the components and structure of Prolog programs, including domains to define parameters, predicates to define rules and facts, clauses to define the program body, and a goal to execute the program. It also covers predefined functions and I/O in Prolog, and provides examples of Prolog programs to read and write numbers, compare numbers, and calculate the sum of two numbers.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pptx, pdf, or txt
    46 views15 pages

    AI Lecture 4 Practical

    Uploaded by

    Jegr Sardar
    The document discusses the components and structure of Prolog programs, including domains to define parameters, predicates to define rules and facts, clauses to define the program body, and a goal to execute the program. It also covers predefined functions and I/O in Prolog, and provides examples of Prolog programs to read and write numbers, compare numbers, and calculate the sum of two numbers.

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    You are on page 1of 15

    Components of Prolog

    Lecture 4
    Program Structure
    • Prolog program structure consists of five segments, not all of them
    must appear in each program.
    • The following segment must be included in each program
    • Predicates
    • Clauses
    • Goal.
    Program Structure 2
    1. Domains: define global parameter used in the program.
    Domains
    I,i = integer 2. Database: define internal data base generated by the program
    C = char
    Database
    S = string
    Greater(integer)
    R = real

    3. Predicates: define rule and fact used in the program.


    Predicates
    mark(symbol,integer).

    4. Clauses: define the body of the program.. For the above predicates the clauses portion may contain
    Clauses
    mark(a, 20).

    5. Goal: can be internal or external, internal goal written after clauses portion , external goal supported by the prolog
    compiler if the program syntax is correct This portion contains the rule that drive the program execution.
    Goal
    mark(ari, Mark).
    Predefined in Prolog
    Mathematical operations Symbols
    Addition +
    subtraction -
    multiplication *
    Division /
    Remainder of division mod
    greater > 
    Less than < 
    Equal =
    Not equal <> 
    Greater or equal >=
    Less than or equal <=
    Predefined in Prolog 2
    Mathematical Functions symbol

    cos(X) Return the cosine of its argument


    sine(X) Return the sine of its argument
    tan(X) Return the tranget of its argument
    exp(X) Return e raised to the value to which X is bound
    ln(X) Return the natural logarithm of X (base e)

    log(X) Return the base 10 logarithm of log 10x

    sqrt(X) Return the positive square of X

    Return the rounded value of X. Rounds X up or down to


    round(X) the nearest integer

    trunc(X) Truncates X to the right of the decimal point

    abs(X) Return the absolute value of X


    Predefined in Prolog 3
    I/O Functions Symbols

    readint(Var) : read integer variable.

    readchar(Var) : read character variable.

    readreal(Var) : read read (decimal) variable.

    readln(Var) : read string.

    write(Var) : write variable of any type.


    Example 1
    Write a prolog program to read a number and show it on the screen.
    Domains
    I = integer
    Predicates
    print.

    Clauses
    print:- write ("Enter a number :"),
    readint(I),
    write("The number is :",I).

    Goal
    print.
    Example 2
    Write a prolog program that reads two numbers and prints the greater number.
    Domains
    i = integer

    Predicates
    nondeterm compare(i,i)

    Clauses
    compare(X,Y):- X > Y , write(X," is greater than ",Y).
    compare(X,Y):- write (X," is smaller ",Y).

    Goal
    compare(8,9).
    Example 3
    What would happen if the two numbers are equal and prints the equal numbers.
    Domains
    i = integer

    Predicates
    nondeterm compare(i,i)
    Clauses
    compare(X,Y):- X > Y , write(X," is greater than ",Y).
    compare(X,Y):- X < Y , write (X," is smaller ",Y).
    compare(X,Y):- write(X," equals ",Y).
    Goal
    compare(8,9).
    Example 3
    Write a Prolog program to sum two number then display the result.

    Two Solutions
    1. sum(X,Y)  the result needs to be printed.

    2. sum(X,Y,R)  it will return the result.

    Which one is better any, Why?


    Activity 1
    Write a program to represent the following diagram, adapt your program to meet the following
    goals:
    Write the facts then write rule for :
    1. Sister: sister(X,Y)
    2. Brother: brother(X,Y)
    3. Parent: parent(X,Y)
    4. Aunt: aunt(X,Y).
    5. Uncle: uncle(X,Y).
    6. Grandfather: gfather(X,Y).
    7. Grandmother: gmother(X,Y).
    Activity 2
    Write a prolog program to implement the following scenario:-
    Aram is faster than Mariwan
    Ardelan is faster than Allan
    Allan is faster than Mihtab
    faster
    Aram Mariwan

    faster faster
    Ardelan Allan Mihtab

    Find all the people who are faster than others.


    Activity 1
    Write a program to represent the following diagram, adapt your program to meet the following
    goals:
    Write the facts then write rule for : Nasrin

    1. Sister: sister(X,Y)
    2. Brother: brother(X,Y)
    3. Parent: parent(X,Y)
    4. Aunt: aunt(X,Y).
    5. Uncle: uncle(X,Y).
    6. Grandfather: gfather(X,Y).
    7. Grandmother: gmother(X,Y).
    Ali Nasrin

    Fata Xula Hama


    Xaja
    Ali Nasrin

    Fata Xula Hama


    Xaja

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