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 VARIATIONS
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LEARNING COMPETENCIES:
1. Illustrates situations that involve the following variations:
(a) direct; (b) inverse; (c) joint; (d) combined.

2. Translates into variation statement a relationship between two

quantities given by:
(a) a table of values; (b) a mathematical equation;
(c) a graph, and vice versa.

3. Solves problems involving variation.

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 VARIATIONS
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 RATIO
&
PROPORTION
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RATIO
- comparison of two numbers with the same units, or
different units of the same kind
- obtained by dividing the first number by the second
number
- The ratio of a to b is written as a:b, which is read as
“ a is to b.” and can also be expressed as a/b.
- like fraction can be reduced to lowest terms.
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Examples:
• A Recipe for pancakes uses 3 cups of flour and 2 cups
of milk.
• So what is the ratio of flour to milk is?  3 : 2

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There are 5 pups, 2 are boys, and 3 are girls 
 
Part-to-Part:
The ratio of boys to girls is  2:3 or 2/
3
The ratio of girls to boys is  3:2 or 3/
2

Part-to-Whole:
The ratio of boys to all pups is 2:5 or 2/5
The ratio of girls to all pups is 3:5 or 3/5
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•Divide
  the number 48 into two parts such that they are in the ratio 3:5.
Solution:
Let 3x – one part
5x – the other part
Then,
3x + 5x = 48 - the sum of the two parts
8x = 48 - combining like terms
8x/8 = 48/8 - dividing both sides to remain x
x=6
Therefore, 3x = 3(6) = 18 5x = 5(6) = 30
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18 + 30 = 48,
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=
In Steve's class, the ratio of the number of students with blonde hair
to the number of students with brown hair is 6:7.
If there are a total of 130 students in the class, how many of them
have blonde hair?

Let 6x – blonde hair

7x – brown hair
Solution:
6x + 7x = 130
13x = 130
13x/13 = 130/13
x=10
6x =Basic
6(10) = 60Department
Education – blonde hair
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PROPORTION
•   - is a statement indicating the equality of two ratios. If a:b
and c:d are two equivalent ratios, then a:b=c:d is a proportion
and can be written also as , where the outer terms a and d
are called the extremes and the inner terms b and c are
called means.

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PROPORTION
•  Fundamental principle of Proportion – in any proportion, the product
of means is equal to the product of extremes.
a:b=c:d

Thus, ad = bc.

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•What
  is the value of n in the proportion 4:n=3:5?
Solution:
4:n=3:5

3n = 4(5)
3n = 20
n = 20/3 or 6

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PROPORTION
••  The
Mean Proportion and the third proportional – in
proportion a:x=x:b, x is the mean proportional
between a and b, and x=. Also, b is the third
proportional to a and x.

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•What
  is the mean proportional between 3 and 12?
Solution:
3 : x = x : 12
x(x) = 3(12)
x2 = 36
=
x=6
Therefore: the mean proportional between 3 and 12 is
6 or -6
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Find the third proportional to 2 and 4.?
Solution:
2:4=4:x
2(x) = 4(4)
2x = 16
x=8
therefore the third proportional to 2 and 4 is 8.

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PROPORTION
• Fourth Proportional – in the proportion a:b=c:d, d is the fourth
proportional to a, b and c.
Example:
• Find the fourth proportional to 3,2 and 9.
Solution
3:2=9:x
3(x) = 2(9)
3x = 18
x=6

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 FIRST ACTIVITY!
Ratio and Proportion
•Mentally, find the value of n in each proportion on
page 138 numbers 11, 15, 18.
•Solve the following problems on page 138 -139
numbers 22, 26, 31, 38, 39 and 47.

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 DIRECT
VARIATIONS
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 Complete the data of the table below, plot the complete data
on the graph given below.
Number of liters Price(₱)
of Gasoline

Price(₱)
1 45
2 90
3  
4  
5  
6  
Number of liters of Gasoline (L)

What do you notice about the price of gasoline as the number

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of liters increases?
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CONSTANT
• 

- quantity whose value does not change

- pi() – 3.14 or any real numbers
VARIABLE
- quantity whose value is changing
- stands in a place of any one of a set of constants
- represented by a literal symbol

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What is Direct variation
ONE QUANTITY INCREASES at a
In, direct variation,
constant rate as the OTHER QUANTITY INCREASES at a
constant rate. As ONE QUANTITY DECREASES AT A
CONSTANT RATE the other QUANTITY ALSO
DECREASES at a constant rate.

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What is Direct variation
The two quantities (distance and time flight) in the table below
show direct variation.
Time of flight 70 90
20 40 50
(minutes)

Distance (km) 160 320 400 560

Given a table above, we can determine if the quantities increases

or decreases at a constant rate by getting the quotient of any
specific pair of corresponding values in the table, if the process
gives the same ratio, the situation shows direct variation.

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What is Direct variation
The two quantites (distance and time flight) in the table below
show direct variation.
Time of flight 70 90
20 40 50
(minutes)

Distance (km) 160 320 400 560 720

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 Determine whether the given table illustrates
DIRECT VARIATION or NOT, then give the reason.
Diameter (meters) 2 3 4 5
Circumference (meters) 6.28 9.42 12.56 15.70

 𝟔 .𝟐𝟖 = 𝟗 . 𝟒𝟐 = 𝟏𝟐 . 𝟓𝟔 = 𝟏𝟓 .𝟕𝟎 = 𝟑 .𝟏𝟒= 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐨𝐧 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 , 𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬 𝐝𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐯𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝟐 𝟑 𝟒 𝟓
Mass (kg) 1 2 3 4
Time to complete one cycle (minutes) 12 6 4 3

𝟏𝟐
  ≠ 𝟔 ≠ 𝟒 ≠ 𝟑 𝐡𝐚𝐬 𝐧𝐨 𝐜𝐨𝐦𝐦𝐨𝐧 𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨 ,𝐭𝐡𝐞𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐢𝐬 𝐝𝐨𝐞𝐬 𝐧𝐨𝐭 𝐢𝐥𝐥𝐮𝐬𝐭𝐫𝐚𝐭𝐞𝐬 𝐝𝐢𝐫𝐞𝐜𝐭 𝐯𝐚𝐫𝐢𝐚𝐭𝐢𝐨𝐧
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟒

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Equation of Direct variation
• 

Then we can say that the equation of the direct variation given that
y varies directly as x or y is directly proportional with x is y = kx, where
k is the constant of the variation and k 0.

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•TRANSLATE
  EACH STATEMENT TO AN EQUATION
1. The area (A) of a circle varies directly as the square of its radius (r).
A= kr2
2. The perimeter (P) of a square is directly proportional to the length (l) of
its sides.
P=kl
3. a is proportional to the reciprocal of (x+y).
a=
4. c varies as the square root of the sum of the squares of a and b.
c=k

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•A.  Give the equation or formula for each of the following:
1. The circumference (C) of a circle varies directly as the diameter (d).
c = kd
2. The perimeter (P) of a square varies directly as the length of its side (s).
p = ks
3. The area (A) of a parallelogram, whose base (6) is 10 cm, varies directly as its
altitude (a) and the base.
A=10ak
4. The volume (V) of a rectangular solid, whose base (b) with an area of 24 square
centimeters, varies directly as its height (h) and the base.
V=24kh
5. y is proportional to the cube root of u.
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y=k Junior High School
CONSTANT OF THE
VARIATION
•Given
  that y varies directly as x or y is directly proportional with x is
y = kx, where k is the constant of the variation and k 0,
The constant of vaiation can be solved using k= , where k 0.

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CONSTANT OF THE
VARIATION
•Example:
 
Find the constant of variation and the equation of variation given that y
varies directly as x.
1. y=8, when x=2
Solution:
k= = =4
Equation: y=kx
y=4x

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CONSTANT OF THE
VARIATION
• 
2. x 2 3 4 5
y P620 P930 P1240 P1550

Solution:
k=
Equation: y=kx
y=310x

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•If  y varies directly as x and y is 15 when x = 3, find y if x=5.
Solution:
y = kx - write the equation
15 = k(3) - substitute the given values
- solve for the constant
5=k
Substitute k = 5 in the equation.
y = 5x
Solve for y if x = 5.
y = 5x
y = 5(5)
y = 25
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 Suppose y varies directly as x , and y=30 when x=6. What is the value
of y when x=100?

*Write the direct variation equation.

y=kx
*Substitute the given x and y values, and solve for k.
30=k⋅6  
k=5
*The equation is y=5x. Now substitute x=100 and find y.
y=5⋅100
y=500

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GRAPH OF DIRECT
VARIATION
•Example:
 
Find the constant of variation and the equation of variation given that y
varies directly as x.
1. y=8, when x=2
Solution:
k= = =4
Equation: y=kx
y=4x

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GRAPH OF DIRECT
VARIATION
Complete the data of the table below, plot the complete data on
the graph given below.
No. of liters of Gasoline Price(₱)
1 45
2 90

Price(₱)
3  
4  
5  
6  
Number of liters of Gasoline (L)

Determine the constant of variation; and equation of the

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k = 45
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P=45l
 PROBLEMS ON
DIRECT VARIATION

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•   The velocity of a falling body varies directly as the time of flight. If the
velocity of a falling body at the end of 2 seconds is 64.4 ft./s, find the velocity
at the end of 5 seconds.
Solution:
the equation is v=kt
To solve for k, substitute v=64.4 and t=2 in the equation
64.4=k(2)

32.2 = k
Solve for v when t=5
v=kt
v=32.2(5)
v=161.0 ft/s
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•   Most pets age at a different rate than their human companions. For
example, a 3 year old dog is often considered to be 21 in human years. What is
the human age of a dog that is 7 years old?
Solution:
Let x – dog’s actual age
y – human-equivalent age
Write the equation: y=kt
21=k(3)

7=k
Solve for y when x = 7;
y=7t
y = 7(7)=49 years old.
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 Questions /
Clarifications?

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TRY THIS ONE! 10POINTS
Mang madding charges P40 for every
haircut at Maginoo barber Shop. If one Sunday,
he had 48 customers, how much will he earn
that day after deducting 50% share for the
shop operator?

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