Laws of Chemical Combinations

Laws of Chemical
Combinations
PREPARED BY:
Kyle John Banda
Christine Bas
Janet Batalla
Table of Contents
01 02 03 04 05
Law of Law of Law of Gay Lussac’s
Avogadro’s
Conservation Definite Multiple Law of Gaseous
Law
of Mass Proportions Proportions Volumes
LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS

Introductio
n
Chemistry is the study of matter,
composition of matter and its different
forms. Matter changes into different
forms by chemical combinations. These
chemical combinations of different
elements and compounds follow a set of
laws. This is the reason why we always
balance chemical equations.
Chemical Combination
 Chemical combination is a reaction in which two or more
elements or compounds combine to form a new product.
EXAMPLES:
1. N2 + 3H2→2NH3
2. S+O2→SO2
3. Ba + F2→ BaF2
4. Mg0 + CO2 → MgCO3
Laws of Chemical
Combination
 Describes the basic principles obeyed by interacting atoms
and molecules, interactions that can include many different
combinations that happen in many different ways.
Five Basic Laws of Chemical
Combinations
1. Law of Conservation of Mass
2. Law of Definite Proportions
3. Law of Multiple Proportions
4. Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous Volumes
5. Avogadro’s Law

Law of Conservation of Mass
 It was given by French Chemist, Antoine Lavoisier in 1789.
 In chemical reactions, pure elements or combinations of

elements called compounds get rearranged. In nuclear
reactions, the nucleus of atoms changes. In both cases,
mass is conserved even though new substances are
created.
 Law of conservation of mass states that “matter can

neither be created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.”
 In any given chemical reaction, the total mass of the

reactants equals the total mass of the products.
Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier
Examples
GIVEN:
2Hg→Mercury (200.59)
02 →
Oxygen (15.99)
2Hg + 02 → 2HgO (Mercury Oxide)

401 g 32g 433g → (Mass of products)
433g
(Mass of reactants)
Examples
GIVEN:
2Na →Sodium (22.99)
Cl2 →
Chlorine (35.45)
2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl (Sodium Chloride)

46g 70.9g 116.9g → (Mass of products)
116.9g
(Mass of reactants)
Law of Definite Proportions
 It was proposed by Joseph Proust in 1799.
 It is also known as law of constant proportions.
 The law of definite proportions states that a given

chemical compound always contains the same
elements in the exact same proportions by mass.
Joseph Louis Proust

Examples
Water: Composed of 2 atoms of Hydrogen and 1 atom of Oxygen.
2 Hydrogen atom is equal to: 2g/mol
1 0xygen atom is equal to: 16g/mol
To get the molar mass of the compound, add the 2 mass of elements:
2g/mol + 16g/mol= 18g/mol → molecular weight of water/molar mass of compound
To get the percentage(%) of H and O:

Formula:
Mass % H =
 Mass % H =
= 11.11%
 Mass % H =
= 89%
To get the ratio:

Ratio of H= 2/18 → Ratio of H: 0
Ratio of O= 16/18 2/16=1:8
Examples
1. A pure sample of Sodium Fluoride (NaF) contains 35g of Sodium. How many
grams of Fluorine are present in this sample?
NaF
(Sodium Fluoride)  =
Na → 23
F → 19
23g Na = 19g F =
35g Na = ? F
x=28.9
x = 28.9g F
Law of Multiple Proportions
 Law of multiple proportions was given by John Dalton in
1804.
 According to this law if elements combine to form two or
more than two different kinds of compounds, then the
masses of these elements in the compounds are in the
ratio of small whole numbers.
 The law of multiple proportions is an extension of the
law of definite composition, which states that compounds
will consist of defined ratios of elements.
John Dalton
Examples
1. There are 100g of two different compounds that are composed of Sulfur and Oxygen.
The first compound contains 50g of Sulfur and the second compound contains 40g of
sulfur. Show how these data illustrate the law of multiple proportions.
A B
50g S 50g O 40g S 60g O
1g S = 1g O 1g S = 1.5g O
= or 3:2=
Gay Lussac’s Law of Gaseous
Volumes
 Law of Gaseous Volumes was proposed by Joseph Louis Gay-
Lussac in 1808.
 According to this law when measured at the same

temperature and pressure, the ratio of the volumes of
reacting gases are small whole numbers.
 Gay-Lussac’s law is a gas law which states that the pressure

exerted by a gas (of a given mass and kept at a constant
volume) varies directly with the absolute temperature of
the gas.
 This can be considered as a different form of law of

Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac
definite proportions. As this law is with respect to volume
while law of definite proportion is with respect to mass.
Examples
1. The tire pressure of a car is 29 psi at 25°C. What will be the new tire pressure
when the temperature of tire increases to 42 °C while driving on the road?
P1= 29 psi T1=P225°C

=?
SOLUTION:
T2= 42 °C
FORMULA:
P 1 P2
=
T1 T𝟐
First,
30.65 psi =
convert the Celsius temperature
s to the Kelvin scale
T1 = 25°C + 273 = 298 K
.
T2 = 42°C + 273 = 315 K
Avogadro’s Law
 Avogadro’s law is named after the Italian scientist
Amedeo Carlo Avogadro, who suggested that two dissimilar
ideal gases occupying the same volume at a given
(constant) temperature and pressure must contain an equal
number of molecules.
 According to this law equal volumes at the same

temperature and pressure contain equal numbers of moles
of gases. It means that 2 liters of oxygen and 2 liters of
nitrogen will contain the same numbers of moles if
measured at same temperature and pressure.
Amedeo Carlo Avogadro

EXAMPLES
1. If 2.4 moles of gas occupies a volume of 60L at a certain temperature, what volume
will 3.7 moles of gas occupy?
SOLUTION:
N 1= V1= 60 N2= 3.7 mol
2.4 L V2 = ?
FORMULA:
V
1 V2
=
N 1 N𝟐 92.5 =
QUESTIONS?
Resources
https://byjus.com/chemistry/laws-of-chemical-combination-for-elements-and-comp
ounds/
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/cheminter/chapter/law-of-definite-proportions/
https://courses.lumenlearning.com/introchem/chapter/the-law-of-multiple-proporti
ons/
https://sciencenotes.org/gay-lussacs-law-definition-formula-examples/
https://study.com/academy/lesson/law-of-reciprocal-proportion-definition-example
s.html
Thank you
for
listening!

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Laws of Chemical

LAWS OF CHEMICAL COMBINATIONS

 In chemical reactions, pure elements or combinations of

 Law of conservation of mass states that “matter can

 In any given chemical reaction, the total mass of the

2Hg + 02 → 2HgO (Mercury Oxide)

2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl (Sodium Chloride)

 It was proposed by Joseph Proust in 1799.

 It is also known as law of constant proportions.

 The law of definite proportions states that a given

Joseph Louis Proust

To get the percentage(%) of H and O:

To get the ratio:

50g S 50g O 40g S 60g O

 According to this law when measured at the same

 Gay-Lussac’s law is a gas law which states that the pressure

 This can be considered as a different form of law of

P1= 29 psi T1=P225°C

 According to this law equal volumes at the same

Amedeo Carlo Avogadro

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