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    Genesis of Resting Membrane Potential

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    Syauqat Athir
    Resting membrane potential is caused by unequal distribution of ions across the cell membrane, with more positive charges outside and negative inside. This potential is maintained by selective ion permeability and sodium-potassium pumps. When a stimulus exceeds the threshold, voltage-gated sodium channels open, causing sodium influx and depolarization. Voltage-gated potassium channels then open, leading to repolarization. The action potential propagates via saltatory or continuous conduction and causes physiological effects like muscle contraction or neurotransmitter release.

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    Genesis of Resting Membrane Potential

    Uploaded by

    Syauqat Athir
    53 views9 pages
    Resting membrane potential is caused by unequal distribution of ions across the cell membrane, with more positive charges outside and negative inside. This potential is maintained by selective ion permeability and sodium-potassium pumps. When a stimulus exceeds the threshold, voltage-gated sodium channels open, causing sodium influx and depolarization. Voltage-gated potassium channels then open, leading to repolarization. The action potential propagates via saltatory or continuous conduction and causes physiological effects like muscle contraction or neurotransmitter release.

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    RMP & AP

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    Resting membrane potential is caused by unequal distribution of ions across the cell membrane, with more positive charges outside and negative inside. This potential is maintained by selective ion permeability and sodium-potassium pumps. When a stimulus exceeds the threshold, voltage-gated sodium channels open, causing sodium influx and depolarization. Voltage-gated potassium channels then open, leading to repolarization. The action potential propagates via saltatory or continuous conduction and causes physiological effects like muscle contraction or neurotransmitter release.

    Copyright:

    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as ppt, pdf, or txt
    53 views9 pages

    Genesis of Resting Membrane Potential

    Uploaded by

    Syauqat Athir
    Resting membrane potential is caused by unequal distribution of ions across the cell membrane, with more positive charges outside and negative inside. This potential is maintained by selective ion permeability and sodium-potassium pumps. When a stimulus exceeds the threshold, voltage-gated sodium channels open, causing sodium influx and depolarization. Voltage-gated potassium channels then open, leading to repolarization. The action potential propagates via saltatory or continuous conduction and causes physiological effects like muscle contraction or neurotransmitter release.

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    GENESIS OF RESTING

    MEMBRANE POTENTIAL
    WHAT IS RESTING MEMBRANE POTENTIAL (RMP)
    In a resting cell/neuron, there is difference in electrical charge on
    either side of the membrane ( i.e Resting Mem. Potential )
    + + outside (ECF)

    + +

    + +
    inside
    + (ICF)
    +
    + +
    + +
    Normal value
    - 70 mV (Nerve)
    - 90 mV (Muscle)
    FACTORS CONTROLLING RMP
    1. Unequal distribution of ions or nonelectrolytes (proteins)
    + - -
    . Main ions in ECF Na , CL , HCO 3
    + -
    . Main ions in ICF K , HPO 4
    . Main nonelectrolyte in ICF proteins
    [Net positive charge outside and net negative charge inside]
    2. Selective permeability of plasma membrane to ions & nonelectrolytes
    + +
    . K permeability is 100 times greater than to Na ions
    . Not permeable to protein, organic phosphate and organic ions. (i.e more
    negative charge inside)
    + +
    3. Na - K pump mechanism
    + +
    . 3 Na out of the cell for every 2 K it pumps in leading to net loss of + charge
    inside the cell
    MAGNITUDE OF THE RMP IS DETERMINED BY
    + + -
    1. Mainly distribution of Na , K ,CL and Proteins
    + +
    2. Permeability of the memb. To Na , K ,CL and Proteins
    + +
    3. The activity of Na - K pump
    ACTION POTENTIAL

    . Nerve cells and muscle fibres are different from other cells.
    - easily excitable (able to produce AP when stimulated
    - can generate and transmit electrical impulse following
    stimulation

    . When a nerve is being stimulated, the followings are generated :


    (A) Nonpropagated local potential
    or
    (B) Action potential (If stimulus is strong enough)
    [Stimulus = Any condition in the environment capable of altering
    the RMP]
    IONIC BASIC OF LOCAL RESPONSE
    (Non-propagated local potential)

    . In a resting neuron, the membrane is more permeable


    + +
    to K than Na

    . When a neuron is stimulated with subthreshold


    +
    stimulus, the permeability of the membrane to Na
    increased at the point of stimulation and there is
    +
    influx of Na into the cell (depolarization) leading to
    decreased RMP (more positive, less negative)
    IONIC BASIC OF ACTION POTENTIAL
    ( Propagated Potential )

    . Threshold stimulus

    + +
    . The permeability of the membrane to Na ( i.e Na
    conductance increased as a result of opening of voltage
    +
    gated Na channel )

    +
    . Na influx into the cell ( depolarization)
    +
    ( opening of voltage gated Na channel is short-lived and soon
    +
    closed. Therefore Na conductance decreased. )
    +
    . At the same time, the permeability of the membrane to K as
    + +
    a result of opening of voltage gated K channels. It leads to K
    +
    efflux ( repolarization ). ( The opening of K channel is slower
    and more prolonged then the opening of Na+ channels.)
    + + +
    . Na - K pump restores the concentration gradient of Na and
    +
    K to its original.
    ACTION POTENTIAL

    + 40
    Memb. Potential ( mv )

    + 20

    0
    A B
    - 20

    - 40

    - 60 1 2
    - 70
    - 80

    1 2 3 4

    A = Depolarization
    B = repolarization
    1 = Absolute refractory period
    2 = Relative refractory period
    CHARACTERISTICS OF LOCAL NON-PROPAGATED POTENTIAL
    . Does not obey all or non law
    . Can not transmit impulse
    . Can summate ( add up ) to reach the threshold
    . Has no refractory period
    CHARACTERISTICS OF ACTION POTENTIAL ( AP )

    . Threshold stimuli can only generate AP


    . Obey all or non principle
    ( i.e Superthreshold stimuli amplitude of AP remained the same )
    . Has refractory period ( I.e period of time during which the neuron can not
    generate another AP )
    2 types of refractory period
    1. Absolute refractory period ( i.e period of time during which a second AP can
    not be initiated even with a very strong stimulus )
    2. Relative refractory period ( i.e period of time during which a second AP can
    be initiated but only by a stronger than normal stimulus - superthreshold
    stimulus )
    PROPAGATION OF IMPULSE
    ( Depends on type of nerve fibre )

    (A) Myelinated fibre . . .' by Saltatory Conduction '

    Node of Ranvier

    (B) Unmyelinated fibres . . .' by Continuous Conduction '


    ACTION POTENTIAL
    occurs in living organisms to produce
    physiological effects such as :

    1. Transmission of nerve impulse along nerve fibres

    2. Release of chemical transmitters in synapse

    3. Contraction of muscle

    4. Activation or inhibition of glandular secretion

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