UNIT-I

Introduction of Cellular Mobile Radio

Systems(Part-1)
Limitations of Conventional Mobile
Telephone Systems
• Why Cellular Mobile Telephone Systems?
Limitations:
 Limited Service Capability
 Poor Service performance
 Inefficient frequency spectrum utilization

GNITS M.Bhavana, Asst Prof, Dept of ECE

Limited Service Capability

•High Transmission Power

•Large Coverage Area upto
40-60miles
•Limited no of users.

GNITS M.Bhavana, Asst Prof, Dept of ECE

• Poor Service Performance

Mobile Telephone Operating Frequency No.of Channels

Systems (MHz)
Mobile Telephone 40 11
Service(MTS)
Improved Telephone 150 11
Service (IMTS) –MJ
Systems
IMTS-MK Systems 450 12

GNITS M.Bhavana, Asst Prof, Dept of ECE

In 1976,in Newyork City

Mobile Telephone No.of Channels No.of Customers No.of customers

Systems served on waiting list
Improved 6 320 2400
Telephone Service
(IMTS) –MJ
Systems
IMTS-MK Systems 6 225 1300

•A High blocking Probability during busy hours.

•And still the demand went increasing

GNITS M.Bhavana, Asst Prof, Dept of ECE

Inefficient Frequency Spectrum Utilization
Mo =Maximum no.of customers that could be served per
channel at a busy hour

GNITS
M.Bhavana, Asst Prof, Dept of ECE
Offered Load:

(Assuming average calling time is 1.76min)

GNITS M.Bhavana, Asst Prof, Dept of ECE

• Blocking probabilities
B1=50% (MJ Systems)
B2=30% (MK Systems)

• If the average calling time is greaterthan 1.76min,the

blocking probability may be even higher.
• To reduce blocking probability we must reduce M0
• Conventional System does not utilise spectrum well
and can serve only customer per channel in busy
hour.

GNITS M.Bhavana, Asst Prof, Dept of ECE

Generations of Cellular Wireless Systems

GNITS M.Bhavana, Asst Prof, Dept of ECE

 Pre-cell phone mobile telephony technology, such as radio
telephones that some had in cars before the arrival of cell
phones.

 Communication was possible through voice only.

 These mobile telephones were usually mounted in cars or trucks.

Technologies :
• PTT(Push to Talk)
• MTS (Mobile Telephone
System)
• IMTS (Improved MTS)
 First Generation Cellular Systems
 First generation (1G) of cellular systems introduced in the late 1970s
and early 1980s
 Evolved out of the growing number of mobile communication users.
 The use of semiconductor technology and microprocessors made
mobile devices smaller and lighter
 1G systems were based on analog communication in the 900MHz
frequency range
 Voice transmission only – easy to tap
 The most prominent 1G systems are
• Advanced Mobile Phone Systems (AMPS) - America
• Nordic Mobile Telephone (NMT) – France
• Total Access Communications System (TACS) – UK
 First Generation Cellular Systems
Frequency Division Multiple Access (FDMA)

Frequency
 Drawbacks of 1G

Poor Voice Quality

Poor Battery Life
Large Phone Size
No Security
Limited Capacity
Poor Handoff Reliability
Region America Europe Japan
Parameter AMPS ETACS NTT
Multiple Access FDMA FDMA FDMA

Duplexing FDD FDD FDD

Forward Channel 869-894 MHZ 935-960 MHZ 870-885 MHZ
Reverse Channel 824-849 MHZ 890- 915 MHZ 925- 940 MHZ
Channel Spacing 30 KHZ 25 KHZ 25 KHZ
Data Rate 10 Kbps 8 Kbps 0.3 Kbps
Capacity 832 Channels 1000 Channels 600 Channels

AMPS: Advanced mobile phone system

ETACS: European Total Access Comm. system
NTT: Nippon Telephone and Telegraph
 Second Generation Cellular
Systems
 Development driven by the need to improve speech quality,
system capacity, coverage and security
 2G technology refers to the 2nd generation which is based
on GSM.
 First system that used digital transmission.
 Examples of Second Generation (2G) cellular systems ...
• Digital AMPS (D-AMPS) in the US,

• Personal Digital Communication (PDC) in Japan,

• Intrim Standard `94 (IS-94) in Korea and the US

• Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) in

Europe.


2G Wireless system
 The GSM standard was defined by ETSI in 1989
Originally called “ Groupe Spéciale Mobile
which later changed to the English version.
 A majority of countries over the world have
adopted GSM900 and the GSM1800 which are
all based on the same original GSM
specification
 It’sdata speed was upto 64kbps.

.
Features :
 It enables services such as text messages,
picture messages and MMS (multi media message).
 Encryption – all second generation systems provide
encryption to prevent eavesdropping.
 It provides better quality and capacity
 Error detection and correction – second-generation
digital traffic allows for detection and correction,
giving clear voice reception.
 Channel access – second-generation systems allow
channels to be dynamically shared by a number of
users.
 DRAWBACKS OF 2G

 2G requires strong digital signals to help mobile phones

work. If there is no network coverage in any specific area ,
digital signals would weak.
 These systems are unable to handle complex data
such as Videos.
 2.5G Technology

2.5G is a technology between the second (2G)

and third (3G) generation of
mobile telephony.
2.5G is sometimes described as 2G Cellular
Technology combined with GPRS.
GPRS supports both IP and X.25
networking.
Features Includes:
 Phone Calls
 Send/Receive E-mail Messages
 Web Browsing
 Speed : 64-144 kbps
 Camera Phones
 Take a time of 6-9 mins. to download a 3
2G WIRELESS SYSTEMS
 2.75G Technology (EDGE)
Phase after GPRS is called Enhanced Data
Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE).
Features
 Speed : 200 kbps
 Based on the eight-phase-shift keying (8 PSK) modulation
that allows a much higher bit rate across the air interface
 2 & 2.5 Digital Cellular System

Generation Technology Voice Data

Rate
2G GSM 10 Kbps
2G CDMA 10Kbps
2.5G GPRS 50Kbps
2.75 EDGE 200kbps

GPRS : General packet radio service.

EDGE : Enhanced Data For GSM

Evolution
 Drawbacks of 2.5G & 2.75G

GPRS networks operate at lower data rates

upto maximum 160kbps.
EDGE can deliver only maximum data rates
upto 500 Kbps
 THIRD GENERATION
 3G networks provide the ability to transfer voice data and
non-voice data over the same network simultaneously.

 The aim of the 3G is to allow for more coverage and

growth with minimum investment

Applications :
 Internet, e-mail, fax, e-commerce, music,video clips, and
videoconferencing

.
 3G
TECHNOLOGY
 3G technology refer to third generation which was introduc
in year 2000s.

 Data Transmission speed increased from 144kbps- 2Mbps.

 Typically called Smart Phones and features

increased its bandwidth and data transfer rates to
accommodate web-based applications and audio and
video files.
3G wireless systems
 Features
Providing Faster Communication

Send/Receive Large Email Messages

High Speed Web / More Security

Video Conferencing / 3D Gaming

 TV Streaming/ Mobile TV/

Phone Calls

Large Capacities and Broadband

Capabilities
 DRAWBACKS OF 3G

 Expensive fees for 3G Licenses Services

 It was challenge to build the

infrastructure for 3G

 High Bandwidth Requirement

 Expensive 3G Phones.

 Large Cell Phones

 3G Cellular System Standards.

Generation Technology Data Rate

3G WCDMA/U 384 Kbps 10Kbps-

MTS voice & 50
Kbps for
data
3G CDMA 384 Kbps
3G HSDPA/HS 5 - 3 0 Mbps
U PA
3.5G 1X EVDO 5 - 3 0 Mbps
A,B,C

WCDMA: wide band CDMA

UMTS: Universal mobile telecomm. Standards
HSDPA/H SUP High speed down link or uplink packet
A: access
Evaluation data Optimized.
1x EVDO:
 DRAWBACKS OF GENERATIONS
1G Poor voice quality, Poor battery life, Large phone size, No
security, frequent call drops, Limited capacity and poor
handoff reliability.

2G The GSM is a circuit switched, connection oriented

technology, where the end systems are dedicated for the
entire call session. This causes inefficiency in usage of
bandwidth and resources. They are unable to handle
complex data such as video.

3G 1. High bandwidth requirement.

2. High spectrum licensing fees.
3. Huge capital.
 FOURTH GENERATION
 4G development focuses around achieving ultra-broadband
speeds, competing with and in some cases outstripping the
speeds provided by your home internet connection.

 4G average speeds are targeted to be in the 100Mbps to1Gbps

range, roughly 10 to 100 times (dependent on location) faster
than 3G networks. At that rate, that 4-minute MP3 download
would take you mere seconds.
 The word “MAGIC” also refers to 4G wireless technology
which stands for Mobile multimedia, Any-where, Global
mobility solutions over, Integrated wireless and Customized
services.

Features:
- A spectrally efficient system
- High network capacity
- Huge data rate
- Perfect connectivity & global roaming
- High quality of service
- Security & Privacy

Speed:
The data transfer is 100 Mbps for outdoor and 1Gbps
for indoor.
The basic difference between 3G and 4G is in data transfer and signal
quality.

Technology 3G 4G
Data Transfer Rate 3.1 MB/sec 100 MB/sec

Internet Services Broadband Ultra Broadband

Mobile - TV Resolution Low High

Bandwidth 5-20 MHz 100MHz

Frequency 1.6-2 GHz 2-8 GHz

Download and upload 5.8 Mbps 14 Mbps

 COMPARISON OF 1G TO 4G
TECHNOLOGIES
Technolog 1G 2G/ 2.5G 3G 4G
y
Deployment 1970/ 198 1980/1999 1990/2002 2000/2010
4
Bandwidth 2kbps 14-64kbps 2mbps 200mbps
Technology Analog Digital Broadbandwidt Unified ip
&seamless combo
h/ c dma / ip 4G+WWW
cellular technology
of
LAN/WAN/WLAN/PA
cellular N
W

Service Mobile Digital Integrated high Dynamic

information
voice,short quality audio,
telephony video & data
access, variable
devices
messaging
Multiplexing FDMA TDMA/CDMA CDMA OFDM

Switching Circuit Circuit/circuit for

access network&air
Packet except All packet All packet
interface
for air interface

Core PST PSTN Packet Internet Internet

network N network
Handoff Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal& Horizontal&
Basic Cellular System

Includes 3 Parts
1. Mobile Unit
2. Cell Site
3. MSC or MTSO

GNITS M.Bhavana, Asst Prof, Dept of ECE

 Fig: Basic Cellular System

GNITS M.Bhavana, Asst Prof, Dept of ECE

 Fig: Basic Cellular System

GNITS M.Bhavana, Asst Prof, Dept of ECE

1. Mobile units:A mobile telephone unit contains a control
unit, a transceiver, and an antenna system.
2. Cell site:The cell site provides interface between the
MTSO and the mobile units. It has a control unit, radio
cabinets, antennas, a power plant, and data terminals.
3. MTSO:The switching office, the central coordinating
element for all cell sites, contains the cellular processor
and cellular switch. It interfaces with telephone
company zone offices, controls call processing, provides
operation and maintenance, and handles billing
activities. A typical MSC handles 1,00,000 cellular
subscribers and 5000 simultaneous conversations at a
time.
GNITS M.Bhavana, Asst Prof, Dept of ECE
4. Connections:
 The radio and high-speed data links connect the three
subsystems.
 Each mobile unit can only use one channel at a time for
its communication link.
 But the channel is not fixed; it can be any one in the
entire band assigned by the serving area, with each site
having multichannel capabilities that can connect
simultaneously to many mobile units.
 Communication between the base station and the
mobiles is defined by a standard common air interface
(CAI) that specifies four different channels.

GNITS M.Bhavana, Asst Prof, Dept of ECE

Forward Voice Channels (FVC) :
• The channels used for voice transmission from the base station to
mobiles.
Reverse Voice Channels (RVC):
• The channels used for voice transmission from mobiles to the base
station.
Control Channels:
• The channels responsible for initiating mobile calls are the forward
control channels (FCC) and reverse control channels (RCC).
• Often called setup channels.
• Transmit and Receive data messages that carry call initiation and
service requests, and are monitored by mobiles when they do not
have a call in progress.
• Forward control channels also serve as beacons which continually
broadcast all of the traffic requests for all mobiles in the system.
GNITS M.Bhavana, Asst Prof, Dept of ECE
 The Cell shape

GNITS M.Bhavana, Asst Prof, Dept of ECE

GNITS M.Bhavana, Asst Prof, Dept of ECE
GNITS M.Bhavana, Asst Prof, Dept of ECE
GNITS M.Bhavana, Asst Prof, Dept of ECE
How a Cellular Telephone Call is Made
 When the cellular phone is turned on it scans the control
channel.
When a telephone call is placed to a mobile user,
• Step 1: The MSC dispatches the request to all base stations
in the cellular system.
• Step 2: MIN is broadcasted as a paging message over all of
the forward control channels throughout the cellular
system
• Step 3:The mobile receives the paging message sent by the
base station which it monitors, and responds by identifying
itself over the reverse control channel. The base station
relays the acknowledgment sent by the mobile and informs
the MSC of the handshake.
M.Bhavana, Asst Prof, Dept of ECE
GNITS
• Step 4: Then, the MSC instructs the base station to
move the call to an unused voice channel within the cell
(typically, between ten to sixty voice channels and just
one control channel are used in each cell's base station).

• Step 5: At this point the base station signals the mobile

to change frequencies to an unused forward and
reverse voice channel pair, at which point another data
message (called an alert) is transmitted over the
forward voice channel to instruct the mobile telephone
to ring, thereby instructing the mobile user to answer
the phone
GNITS M.Bhavana, Asst Prof, Dept of ECE
• When a mobile originates a call,
• Step 1: A call initiation request is sent on the reverse
control channel. With this request the mobile unit transmits
its telephone number (MIN), electronic serial number
(ESN), and the telephone number of the called party. The
mobile also transmits a station class mark (SCM) which
indicates what the maximum transmitter power level is for
the particular user.
• Step 2: The cell base station receives this data and sends it
to the MSC.
• Step 3:The MSC validates the request, makes connection to
the called party through the PSTN, and instructs the base
station and mobile user to move to an unused forward and
reverse voice channel pair to allow the conversation to
begin.
M.Bhavana, Asst Prof, Dept of ECE
GNITS
• Roaming: This allows subscribers to operate in service areas
other than the one from which service is subscribed.
• When a mobile enters a city or geographic area that is
different from its home service area, it is registered as a
roamer in the new service area.
• Every several minutes, the MSC issues a global command
over each FCC in the system, asking for all mobiles which
are previously unregistered to report their MIN and ESN
over the RCC. New unregistered mobiles in the system
periodically report back their subscriber information upon
receiving the registration request, and the MSC then uses
the MIN/ESN data to request billing status from the home
location register (HLR) for each roaming mobile.

GNITS M.Bhavana, Asst Prof, Dept of ECE

• If a particular roamer has roaming authorization for
billing purposes, the MSC registers the subscriber as
a valid roamer. Once registered, roaming mobiles are
allowed to receive and place calls from that area, and
billing is routed automatically to the subscriber's
home service provider

GNITS M.Bhavana, Asst Prof, Dept of ECE

Uniqueness of Mobile Radio Environment
Introduction:
• The mobile radio channel places fundamental limitations
on the performance of wireless communication system
• The wireless transmission path may either be
 Line Of Sight(LOS)
 Non Line Of Sight (NLOS) obstructed either by building or
foliage
• Radio channels are random and often time varying.
• Modeling radio channels have been one of the most
difficult parts of the mobile radio designs.

M.Bhavana, Asst Prof, Dept of ECE

GNITS
Propagation Basics
• When electrons move, they create electromagnetic waves
that can propagate through space
• By attaching an antenna of the appropriate size to an
electrical circuit, the electromagnetic waves can be
broadcast efficiently and on the other hand, received by a
receiver at a distance away.
• The radio, microwave, infrared and visible light
portions of the electromagnetic spectrum can all be
used to transmit information.
• Information can be sent by modulating the amplitude,
frequency, phase of the waves.

GNITS M.Bhavana, Asst Prof, Dept of ECE

Basics (contd)

At VLF, LF and MF bands. Radio

waves follow the ground

Reflection

Ionosphere

HF, high frequency bands the

grounds waves tend to be
absorbed by the earth.
Absorption

GNITS M.Bhavana, Asst Prof,Dept of ECE

Basics (contd)

LOS Path

Reflected Path

•At VHF, Very high frequency bands the grounds

waves tend to be reflected by the earth.
•Directional Antennas are used.

GNITS M.Bhavana, Asst Prof,Dept of ECE

Antenna Basics:
 The free space propagation model or Friis Free space
model is given by

 The path loss, which represents signal attenuation as a

positive quantity measured in dB, is defined as the
difference (in dB) between the effective transmitted
power and the received power.

GNITS M.Bhavana, Asst Prof, Dept of ECE

• The propagation path loss would be 40 dB/dec.
• A 40-dB loss at a signal receiver will be observed
by the mobile unit as it moves from 1 to 10 km.
• Therefore C is inversely proportional to R4
C α R-4 = α R-4
• The difference in power reception at two
different distances R1 and R2 will result in

GNITS M.Bhavana,Asst Prof,Dept of ECE

• The decibel expression
ΔC(in dB)=C2-C1(in dB)

• In a real mobile radio environment, the

propagation path-loss slope varies as

• γ usually lies between 2 and 5 depending on

the actual conditions.

GNITS M.Bhavana,Asst Prof,Dept of ECE

Severe Fading
• The antenna height of the mobile unit is
lower than its typical surroundings
• The carrier frequency wavelength is much less
than the sizes of the surrounding structures.
• Hence, multipath waves are generated.
• At the mobile unit, the sum of the multipath
waves causes a The signal fluctuates in a range
signal-fading phenomenon.

GNITS M.Bhavana,Asst Prof,Dept of ECE

• If the mobile unit moves fast, rate of
fluctuation is more.

GNITS M.Bhavana,Asst Prof,Dept of ECE

 Model of Transmission medium
• A mobile radio signal r(t) can be artificially characterized by
two components m(t) and r0(t) based on natural physical
phenomena.
r(t) = m(t) r0(t)

Fig: Mobile Signal fading

GNITS M.Bhavana,Asst Prof,Dept of ECE

• m(t)- local mean, long-term fading, or
lognormal fading
• Its variation is due to the terrain contour
between the base station and the mobile unit.
• r0(t) - multipath fading, short-term fading, or
Rayleigh fading
• Its variation is due to the waves reflected from
the surrounding buildings and other structures

GNITS M.Bhavana,Asst Prof,Dept of ECE

• The long-term fading m(t) can be obtained
from Eq.

• Spatially expressed as,

GNITS M.Bhavana,Asst Prof,Dept of ECE

The short-term fading r0(t) is obtained by

Fig: Signal Short term fading

GNITS M.Bhavana,Asst Prof,Dept of ECE

• The factor r0(t) follows a Rayleigh distribution
• Therefore, the term Rayleigh fading is often used
Impulse Response Model of a Multipath Channel:
• Mobile radio channel may be modeled as a linear filter
with a time varying impulse response.
• The impulse response h (t, τ) completely characterizes
the channel and is a function of both t and τ. The
variable t represents the time variations due to
motion, whereas τ represents the channel multipath
delay for a fixed value of t .
• h(t, τ) may be equivalently described by a complex
baseband impulse response hb(t, τ ).
GNITS M.Bhavana,Asst Prof,Dept of ECE
 Parameters of Mobile Multipath Channel

• Derived from the Power delay profile.

• Important parameters are:
 Time Dispersion Parameters
 Coherence Bandwidth
 Doppler spread and coherence time

GNITS M.Bhavana,Asst Prof,Dept of ECE

Power delay profile:
• For small-scale channel modeling, the power
delay profile of the channel is found by taking
the spatial average of hb(t;τ) 2over a local
area.

• Measured by Channel Sounding Techniques

• Indoor -2m
• Outdoor-6m
GNITS M.Bhavana,Asst Prof,Dept of ECE
Time Dispersion Parameters
• Grossly quantify the multipath channel
• Parameters include:
 Mean Excess Delay
 RMS Delay Spread
 Excess Delay Spread (X dB) or Maximum
Excess Delay (X dB)

GNITS M.Bhavana,Asst Prof,Dept of ECE

• Mean Excess Delay: the first moment of the
power delay profile and is defined to be

τ=

GNITS M.Bhavana,Asst Prof,Dept of ECE

RMS Delay Spread(στ)
• Each multipath signal travels through different path
lengths. So the time of arrival for each path is
different.
• A single transmitted pulse will be spread in time
when it reaches the receiver. This effect which
spreads out the signal is called the “delay spread”
• Characterizes the time dispersiveness of the channel.
• Obtained directly from the power delay profile. It
indicates the delay during which the power of the
received signal is above a certain value.

GNITS M.Bhavana,Asst Professor ,Dept of ECE

• It is the square root of the second central
moment of the power delay profile and is
defined to be

GNITS M.Bhavana,Asst Prof,Dept of ECE

• Maximum Excess Delay (X dB) of the power delay
profile is defined to be the time delay during which
multipath energy falls to X dB below the maximum.
• Maximum Excess Delay(MED) is defined as
M.E.D(X dB) = τx - τo
• Where, τo is the first arriving signal and τx is the
maximum delay at which a multipath component is
within X dB of the strongest arriving multipath
signal
• τx is the Excess Delay Spread of Power Delay
Profile.
GNITS M.Bhavana,Asst Prof,Dept of ECE
GNITS M.Bhavana,Asst Prof,Dept of ECE
Coherence Bandwidth
• A statistical measure of the range of
frequencies over which the channel can be
considered flat.
• The channel passes all spectral components
with equal gain and linear phase
• It represents correlation between two fading
signal envelopes at frequencies f 1 and f 2.
• It is a function of the RMS delay spread of the
channel.
GNITS M.Bhavana,Asst Prof,Dept of ECE
• Two frequencies that are larger than the
coherence bandwidth fade independently.
• Concept is very useful for diversity reception.
• Multiple copies of same message are sent
using different frequencies.
• These frequencies are separated by more than
the coherence bandwidth of the channel.
• coherence bandwidth indicates frequency
selectivity during transmission.
• If we define coherence bandwidth given by BC
as a range of frequencies over which the
frequency correlation is 0.9

• If we define the coherence bandwidth as a

range of frequencies over which the frequency
correlation is above only 0.5

GNITS M.Bhavana,Asst Professor,Dept of ECE

Doppler Spread and Coherence Time
• Delay spread and coherence bandwidth are
parameters which describe the time dispersive
nature of the channel in a local area
• Doppler spread and coherence time are
parameters which describe
 the time varying nature of the channel in a
small-scale region.
 caused by the relative motion of the
transmitter and receiver

GNITS M.Bhavana,Asst Prof,Dept of ECE

Doppler Spread
• fd =
Moving
MS
speed v
θ

Signal
• Doppler spread BD is nothing but the maximum Doppler shift.
• Doppler shift depends
 On the relative velocity of the receiver with respect to the
transmitter
 The wavelength of transmission.
 The angle “theta”at which the arriving signal reaches the
receiver.

GNITS M.Bhavana,Asst Prof,Dept of ECE

• characterizes the frequency dispersiveness of the
channel
• spreading of the transmitted frequency due to different
Doppler shifts
• obtained from the Doppler spectrum.
• indicates the range of frequencies over which the
received Doppler spectrum is above a certain value
• If the baseband signal bandwidth is much greater than
“BD” - the maximum Doppler shift, in that case the
effects of the Doppler spread are negligible at the
receiver
• This is a slow fading channel
GNITS M.Bhavana,Asst Prof,Dept of ECE
Coherence time
• coherence time is a statistical measure of the time
duration over which the channel impulse response is
essentially time invariant
• If the symbol period of the baseband signal (is the
reciprocal of the baseband signal bandwidth)
approximately is greater than the coherence time.
• Hence there will be distortions at the receiver
• coherence time TC is defined as

GNITS M.Bhavana,Asst Prof,Dept of ECE

• The popular thumb of definition is:

• The definition of coherence time implies that

two signals arriving with a time separation
greater than TC are affected differently by the
channel

GNITS M.Bhavana,Asst Prof,Dept of ECE