History of Biotech

HISTORY OF
BIOTECHNOLOGY
By:
Ms. Glaiza P. Erum
The Early Beginnings of Biotechnology
a. Humans gather fruits and seeds of plants for

their survival
b. Animals were hunted and killed
c. If resources were depleted people would
simply move their villages to places where
food
d. People manipulate plants and animals,
creating more reliable food supplies.
 People start to realize that some animals
were more adaptable to domestication than
others.
 Not only the meat but the hides, hooves ,
horns and other body parts were used.
Ex: sinews as string, hooves as glue
These are the first processes of
Biotechnology.
Expansion of Civilization
 People who are not involved in farming,

concentrate on developing new
technologies, gathering and recording
knowledge and producing specialty goods.
 People found out that growing plants and
animals could be profitable
 Barter system
 Financial system
Food Preservation
 People travel to distant places. This requires them to
bring food.
 Legend of “A Man Bringing Milk”
 People use animal pouch as storage vessel.

 The long journey allow the fats of milk coagulate and
turned into cheese. The process is made possible by an
enzyme inside the stomach of the calf called,
RENNIN.
Biotechnology in B.C.
500 BC: The Chinese use moldy curds as an antibiotic to treat
boils
250 BC: The Greeks practice crop rotation to increase soil

fertility
100 BC: Chinese use powdered chrysanthemum as an

insecticide
 1590: Janssen invents the microscope
 1663: Hooke discovers cells
 1675: Leeuwenhoek discovers bacteria and protozoa
 1855: Pasteur works with yeast, eventually proving they are living
organisms
 1863: Mendel discovers genes while working with peas.

 He lays the groundwork for genetics.
 1919: The word "biotechnology" is first used
 1941: The term "genetic engineering" is first used

 1944: DNA is shown to be the building block of the gene
 1953: Watson and Crick understand the structure of DNA
 1972: The DNA composition of humans is shown to be 99% similar

to that of chimps and gorillas
 1981: The first genetically-engineered plant is reported

1st mice to be successfully cloned
 1982: Humulin, human insulin drug, produced by genetically-
engineered bacteria (first biotech drug approved by the FDA)
 1993:The FDA declares that genetically engineered foods are "not

inherently dangerous"
 2000: A rough draft of the human genome is
completed
 2000: Pigs are the next animal cloned by researchers

to help produce organs for human transplant
 2002: Scientists complete the sequence of the

pathogen of rice, a fungus that ruins enough rice to
feed 60 million people annually
 2003: Dolly, the cloned sheep from 1997, is

euthanized
The scope of Biotechnology:
1. To produce more food for the growing population using the
available land.
2. To raise disease-resistant, high yielding varieties of crops.
3. To introduce harmless bio fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers.
4. To preserve germplasm of plants, animals and microbes.
5. To introduce biocides in agriculture.
6. To preserve pharmaceutical products to treat severe diseases in man
and animals
7. To produce biofuels for reducing the felling of forest trees for fuel
wood.
8. To make use of various microorganisms in food making
and preservation of food.
9. To employ microorganisms in the extraction of minerals
from their poor quality ores
10. To minimize pollution hazards
Branches of Biotechnology
1. Medical Biotechnology
2. Industrial Biotechnology
3. Agricultural Biotechnology
4. Marine Biotechnology
Green Biotechnology
Agricultural Biotechnology
 It deals with the different agricultural
processes and products
 It is a combination of tissue culture and
genetic engineering. It deals with
development of transgenic plants with
resistance to biotic and abiotic stress.
Blue Biotechnology
Marine Biotechnology
 Aquatic application of Biotechnology
Red Biotechnology
Medical Biotechnology
 It deals with diagnosis of various diseases large scale
production of various drugs and hormones such as human
insulin and interferon; vaccines for chicken pox, rabies
polio, etc and growth hormones.
White Biotechnology
Industrial Biotechnology
 It deals with commercial production of various useful organic
substances, such as acetic acid, citric acid, acetone, glycerine and
antibiotics.
The branch of Biotechnology can be
described in terms of application or
source.
What branch?
Designing of organisms to
manufacture pharmaceutical
products like antibiotics
What branch?
Searching for related sequences in

other organisms
What branch?
Using bacteria to produce human

insulin is an example of
bioremediation
What branch?
. Embryonic stem cells are useful in

regenerating diseased and damaged
tissues.
What branch?
Cyratabine/Arac from Caribbean

sponge is an anticancer medicine
What branch?
In the year 2006 the vaccine for a

virus is invented
What branch?
Antimicrobial peptides is a
potential alternative antibiotics for
aquaculture

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HISTORY OF

a. Humans gather fruits and seeds of plants for

 People who are not involved in farming,

 People use animal pouch as storage vessel.

250 BC: The Greeks practice crop rotation to increase soil

100 BC: Chinese use powdered chrysanthemum as an

 1663: Hooke discovers cells

 1675: Leeuwenhoek discovers bacteria and protozoa

 1863: Mendel discovers genes while working with peas.

 1919: The word "biotechnology" is first used

 1941: The term "genetic engineering" is first used

 1953: Watson and Crick understand the structure of DNA

 1972: The DNA composition of humans is shown to be 99% similar

 1981: The first genetically-engineered plant is reported

 1993:The FDA declares that genetically engineered foods are "not

 2000: Pigs are the next animal cloned by researchers

 2002: Scientists complete the sequence of the

 2003: Dolly, the cloned sheep from 1997, is

Searching for related sequences in

Using bacteria to produce human

. Embryonic stem cells are useful in

Cyratabine/Arac from Caribbean

In the year 2006 the vaccine for a

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