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    Hybridisation of Atomic Orbitals

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    Hybridization involves mixing atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals. There are three main types of hybridization: sp, sp2, and sp3. Sp hybridization forms 2 orbitals and results in linear geometries. Sp2 hybridization forms 3 orbitals and trigonal planar geometries. Sp3 hybridization forms 4 orbitals and tetrahedral geometries. The VSEPR theory states that electron pairs around an atom repel each other and arrange themselves as far apart as possible to minimize repulsion. This determines the shape and bond angles of molecules.

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    Hybridisation of Atomic Orbitals

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    P Y
    23 views28 pages
    Hybridization involves mixing atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals. There are three main types of hybridization: sp, sp2, and sp3. Sp hybridization forms 2 orbitals and results in linear geometries. Sp2 hybridization forms 3 orbitals and trigonal planar geometries. Sp3 hybridization forms 4 orbitals and tetrahedral geometries. The VSEPR theory states that electron pairs around an atom repel each other and arrange themselves as far apart as possible to minimize repulsion. This determines the shape and bond angles of molecules.

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    CHEMICAL BONDING - Copy

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    Hybridization involves mixing atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals. There are three main types of hybridization: sp, sp2, and sp3. Sp hybridization forms 2 orbitals and results in linear geometries. Sp2 hybridization forms 3 orbitals and trigonal planar geometries. Sp3 hybridization forms 4 orbitals and tetrahedral geometries. The VSEPR theory states that electron pairs around an atom repel each other and arrange themselves as far apart as possible to minimize repulsion. This determines the shape and bond angles of molecules.

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    23 views28 pages

    Hybridisation of Atomic Orbitals

    Uploaded by

    P Y
    Hybridization involves mixing atomic orbitals to form new hybrid orbitals. There are three main types of hybridization: sp, sp2, and sp3. Sp hybridization forms 2 orbitals and results in linear geometries. Sp2 hybridization forms 3 orbitals and trigonal planar geometries. Sp3 hybridization forms 4 orbitals and tetrahedral geometries. The VSEPR theory states that electron pairs around an atom repel each other and arrange themselves as far apart as possible to minimize repulsion. This determines the shape and bond angles of molecules.

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    HYBRIDISATION OF ATOMIC ORBITALS

    Some of the atomic orbitals involved in covalent


    bonding mix together to form a new set of
    orbitals.

    The process of mixing together two or more


    atomic orbitals that have similar energies is
    called hybridisation

    The new orbitals produced are call hybrid


    orbitals
    1
    HYBRIDISATION
    1. Hybridisation is the process of mixing together two or
    more atomic orbitals in an atom that to produce the
    new hybrid orbitals.
    2. The new hybrid orbitals produced are of the same
    shape, size and energy.
    3. Three types of hybridisation
    a) sp hybrid orbitals ( 1 s atomic and 1 p
    atomic orbital) – form 2 hybrid orbitals
    b) sp2 hybrid orbitals (1 s atomic and 2 p
    atomic orbital) – form 3 hybrid orbitals
    c) sp3 hybrid orbitals (1 s atomic and 3 p
    atomic orbital) – form 4 hybrid orbitals 2
    Sp
    SpHybrid
    HybridOrbitals
    Orbitals

    3
    HYBRIDISATION

    sp hybrid orbitals ( 1 s atomic and 1 p


    atomic orbital) – form 2 hybrid orbitals
    Be

    Shape: Linear ,
    Bond angle 180°

    4
    HYBRIDISATION

    sp hybrid orbitals ( 1 s atomic and 1 p


    atomic orbital) – form 2 hybrid orbitals
    Nitrogen molecule, N2
    Nitrogen :

    5
    HYBRIDISATION OF ATOMIC ORBITALS
    OVERLAPPING OF ATOMIC ORBITALS
    1. Example In nitrogen molecule, N2
    2. The electronic configuration of nitrogen is 1s2 2s2
    2px1 2py1 2pz1
    3. Each of the 2p orbitals are singly occupied. The
    triple bond is formed through
    (i) The head-on overlapping of px orbitals from each
    nitrogen atom to form the σ bond
    (ii) The sideways overlapping of py and pz orbitals
    from each nitrogen atom to form the two, π
    bonds. 6
    7
    HYBRIDISATION

    sp2 hybrid orbitals (1 s atomic and 2 p


    atomic orbital) – form 3 hybrid orbitals

    BF3
    Trigonal planar,
    Bond angle 120°

    8
    HYBRIDISATION

    sp3 hybrid orbitals ( 1 s atomic and 3 p


    atomic orbital) – form 4 hybrid orbitals

    9
    HYBRIDISATION

    sp3 hybrid orbitals ( 1 s atomic and 3 p


    atomic orbital) – form 4 hybrid orbitals

    Tetrahedral,
    Bond angle 109.5°

    10
    Hybridisation of s and p Orbitals in the Nitrogen
    Atom: Ammonia Molecule, NH3
    EC of Nitrogen atom :

    Shape: pyramidal ,
    Bond angle 107°

    11
    Hybridisation of s and p Orbitals in the Oxygen
    Atom :Water Molecule, H2O
    EC of Oxygen atom :

    Shape: bent or V ,
    Bond angle 104.5°

    12
    Hybridisation of s and p Orbitals in the Carbon
    Atom : Cynide Molecule, HCN

    The C atom in HCN uses sp hybrid orbital to overlap with


    the
    a) s orbital of hydrogen atom to form the C – H σ-bond
    (sigma bond)
    b) p orbital of nitrogen atom to form the C – N σ –bond
    and 2 pi bonds

    13
    Double Bond Hybridisation
    Ethene molecule, C2H4

    14
    Triple Bond Hybridisation

    Nitrogen molecule, N2

    Hydrogen Cyanide, HCN

    15
    Triple Bond Hybridisation

    Ethyne, C2H2

    16
    1. State the types of hybridization. Draw and
    give the number of a σ bonds and π bonds in
    (a) NH3
    (b) C2H4
    (c) HCN
    (d) CH4

    17
    1. State the types of hybridization. Draw and
    give the number of a σ bonds and π bonds in
    (e)BF3
    (f) N2

    18
    1. State the types of hybridization. Draw and
    give the number of a σ bonds and π bonds in
    (g) H2O
    (h) BeCl2

    19
    Valence Shell Electron-Pair Repulsion (VSEPR)
    Theory
    1.1. The VSEPR theory states
    The VSEPR theory states thatthat
    a)a)The
    Theelectron-pairs
    electron-pairsaround
    aroundthe
    thecentral
    centralatom
    atom
    repel
    repeleach
    eachother,
    other,
    b)b)the electron-pairs (bonding pairs and
    the electron-pairs (bonding pairs and lonelone
    pairs)
    pairs)arrange
    arrangethemselves
    themselvestotobe
    beasasfar
    farapart
    apartasas
    possible
    possibletotominimise
    minimisethetheforce
    forceofofrepulsion
    repulsion
    c)c)The
    Theforce
    forceofofrepulsion
    repulsiondecrease
    decreaseininthe
    theorder
    order

    20
    BENT LINEARR

    H ED RAL
    T-SHAPE TETRA

    OCTAHEDRAL

    SEE-SAW TYPES OF
    MOLECULAR SHAPE

    TRIGONAL
    PLANAR
    SQUARE
    PLANAR
    TROGONAL
    SQUARE PYRAMIDAL
    TRIGONAL
    PYRAMIDAL
    BIPYRAMIDAL
    21
    VSEPR THEORY

    The shape of molecules are determined by the repulsion


    between electron pairs in the outer shell of the central
    atom of the molecules.
    22
    THE SHAPE AND BOND ANGLE IN MOLECULES
    AND IONS USING THE VSEPR THEORY

    No lone pairs - the shape of molecules or ions is


    the same as the geometry of electron pairs

    23
    THE SHAPE AND BOND ANGLE IN MOLECULES
    AND IONS USING THE VSEPR THEORY

    Contain lone pairs - the shape of molecules or ions is different from the
    24
    geometry of electron pairs
    25
    THE SHAPE AND BOND ANGLE IN MOLECULES
    AND IONS USING THE VSEPR THEORY

    • NH3, NF3, H3O+, CH3-, SnCl3


    26
    THE SHAPE AND BOND ANGLE IN MOLECULES
    AND IONS USING THE VSEPR THEORY

    27
    28

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