Chapter Two

Streams and File I/O

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 Introduction
• Java uses the concept of a stream to make I/O operation fast.
• I/O means Input/Output.
• The java.io package contains all the classes required for input and
output operations.
• A stream can be defined as a sequence of data.
• An I/O Stream is a sequence of data that is read from a source and
write to a destination.
• All these streams represent an input source and an output destination.

input output
Source Program Destination
stream stream
keyboard or file screen or file
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 The Java File Class
• Java File class represents the files and directory pathnames in an
abstract manner.
• The File class is useful for retrieving information about files or
directories from disk.
• The File class contains the methods for obtaining the properties of
a file/directory and for renaming and deleting a file/directory.
• The File class has different methods which can be used to
manipulate the files.
– Absolute path: An absolute file name (or full name) contains a
file name with its complete path and drive letter.
– Relative path: A relative file name is in relation to the current
working directory.

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The File Class

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 Example: The File Class
This program demonstrates how to create a File object and use the methods in the File
class to obtain its properties. The program creates a File object for the file us.gif.

The lastModified() method returns the date and time when the file was last modified. 5
 Text File and Binary File

• There are two types of files: Text file or Binary file.

• Data stored in a Text file are represented in human-readable form.
• Data stored in a binary file are represented in binary form. You
cannot read binary files.
• Binary files are designed to be read by programs.
• For example, the Java source programs are stored in text files and can
be read by a text editor, but the Java .class files are stored in binary
files and are read by the JVM.
• The advantage of binary files I/O are more efficient to process than
text files I/O, because binary file I/O does not require encoding and
decoding. But Text file I/O requires encoding and decoding.
• For example, the decimal integer 199 is stored as the sequence of
three characters: '1', '9', '9' in a text file and the same integer is stored
as a byte-type value C7 in a binary file, because decimal 199 equals to
hex C7.
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 Text File Input and Output
• The Scanner class uses for reading text data from a file and
the PrintWriter class uses for writing text data to a file.
• Text data is read using the Scanner class and written using the
PrintWriter class.

• To create an object using Scanner class is:

Scanner input = new Scanner(new File(filename));

• To create an object using PrintWriter class is:

PrintWriter output = new PrintWriter(filename);

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 File Input and Output
Scanner input = new Scanner(new File("temp.txt"));
System.out.println(input.nextLine());

PrintWriter output = new PrintWriter("temp.txt");

output.print("Java 101");
output.close();
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Scanner Class

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PrintWrite Class

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Example: wring data using PrintWriter

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Example: reading data using Scanner

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 File Dialogs
• The JFileChooser class is a GUI component which is used for
displaying a file dialog.
• The JFileChooser class is found in the java package
javax.swing.JFileChooser.

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Example: File Dialogs

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 Types I/O Streams/Files

• There are three types of I/O streams in Java

1. Byte I/O Stream
2. Character I/O Stream
3. Standard I/O Stream

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 1. Byte I/O Streams
• It is an input and output data in its binary format.
• Java byte streams are used to perform input and
output of 8-bit bytes.
• All byte stream classes are descended from two
abstract classes: InputStream and OutputStream.
• The InputStream is used to read data from a
source and the OutputStream is used for writing
data to a destination.
• There are many classes related to byte streams but
the most frequently used classes are,
FileInputStream and FileOutputStream. 16
 1. Byte I/O Streams
• Computers do not differentiate between binary files and text files.

• All files are stored in binary format, and thus all files are essentially binary files. Text I/O requires

encoding and decoding.

• For example, suppose you write the string "199" using text I/O to a file.

• The ASCII or Unicode code for character 1 is 49 (0x31 in hex) and for character 9 is 57 (0x39 in

hex).

• Thus, to write the characters 199, three bytes— 0x31, 0x39, and 0x39—are sent to the output, as

shown in Figure (a) below.

• Binary I/O does not require conversions.

• When you write a byte to a file, the original byte is copied into the file.

• When you read a byte from a file, the exact byte in the file is returned.

• For example, a byte-type value 199 is represented as 0xC7 in the memory and appears exactly as

0xC7 in the file, as shown in Figure (b) below. 17

 1. Byte I/O Streams

Binary I/O is more efficient than text I/O, because binary I/O does not require
encoding and decoding. Binary files are independent of the encoding scheme on
the host machine and thus are portable. Java programs on any machine can read a
binary file created by a Java program. This is why Java class files are binary files.
Java class files can run on a JVM on any machine.
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 1. Byte I/O Classes

The abstract InputStream is the root class for reading byte data
and the abstract OutputStream is the root class for writing byte
data.
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InputStream
The value returned is a byte as an int type.

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OutputStream

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 FileInputStream/FileOutputStream

 FileInputStream/FileOutputStream is for reading/writing bytes from/to files.

 FileInputStream/FileOutputStream associates a binary input/output stream with an
external file.
 All the methods in FileInputStream/FileOuptputStream are inherited from its superclasses.
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 FileInputStream
 To construct a FileInputStream, use the following
constructors:

public FileInputStream(String filename)

public FileInputStream(File file)

 A java.io.FileNotFoundException would occur if you attempt to

create a FileInputStream with a non-existent file.

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 FileOutputStream
 To construct a FileOutputStream, use the following constructors:
public FileOutputStream(String filename)

public FileOutputStream(File file)

public FileOutputStream(String filename, boolean append)

public FileOutputStream(File file, boolean append)

 If the file does not exist, a new file would be created.

 If the file already exists, the first two constructors would delete the
current contents in the file.

 To retain the current content and append new data into the file, use the
last two constructors by passing true to the append parameter. 24
 Example: FileInputStream/FileOutputStream
import java.io.*;
public class TestFileStream {
public static void main(String[] args) thorw IOException {
// Create an output stream to the file
FileOutputStream output = new FileOutputStream("temp.dat");

// Output values to the file

for (int i = 1; i <= 10; i++)
output.write(i);
// Close the output stream
output.close();

// Create an input stream for the file

FileInputStream input = new FileInputStream("temp.dat");
// Read values from the file
int value;
while ((value = input.read() )!= -1) This program uses binary
System.out.print(value + " "); I/O to write ten byte
values from 1 to 10 to a
// Close the output stream
input.close(); file named temp.dat and
} reads them back from
} the file. 25
 FilterInputStream/FilterOutputStream

Filter streams are streams that filter bytes for some purpose. The basic byte input stream
provides a read method that can only be used for reading bytes. If you want to read
integers, doubles, or strings, you need a filter class to wrap the byte input stream. Using a
filter class enables you to read integers, doubles, and strings instead of bytes and
characters. FilterInputStream and FilterOutputStream are the base classes for filtering data.
When you need to process primitive numeric types, use DataInputStream and
DataOutputStream to filter bytes.
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DataInputStream/DataOutputStream

DataInputStream reads bytes from the stream

and converts them into appropriate primitive
type values or strings.

DataOutputStream converts primitive type values or

strings into bytes and output the bytes to the stream.
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DataInputStream
DataInputStream extends FilterInputStream and implements
the DataInput interface.

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 DataOutputStream
DataOutputStream extends FilterOutputStream and implements the DataOutput interface.

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 Characters and Strings in Byte I/O
• A Unicode consists of two bytes. The writeChar(char c) method
writes the Unicode of character c to the output.
• The writeChars(String s) method writes the Unicode for each
character in the string s to the output.
• The writeBytes(String s) method writes the lower byte of the
Unicode for each character in the string s to the output.
• The high byte of the Unicode is discarded.
• The writeBytes method is suitable for strings that consist of ASCII
characters, since an ASCII code is stored only in the lower byte of
a Unicode.
• If a string consists of non-ASCII characters, you have to use the
writeChars method to write the string.

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 Characters and Strings in Byte I/O
Why UTF-8? What is UTF-8?

• UTF-8 is a coding scheme that allows systems to operate with

both ASCII and Unicode efficiently.
• Most operating systems use ASCII. Java uses Unicode. The ASCII
character set is a subset of the Unicode character set.
• Since most applications need only the ASCII character set, it is a
waste to represent an 8-bit ASCII character as a 16-bit Unicode
character.
• The UTF-8 is an alternative scheme that stores a character using 1,
2, or 3 bytes.
• ASCII values (less than 0x7F) are coded in one byte. Unicode
values less than 0x7FF are coded in two bytes. Other Unicode
values are coded in three bytes.
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 DataInputStream/DataOutputStream
• Data streams are used as wrappers on existing input and output
streams to filter data in the original stream. They are created using the
following constructors:
public DataInputStream(InputStream instream)

public DataOutputStream(OutputStream outstream)

• The statements given below create data streams. The first statement
creates an input stream for file in.dat; the second statement creates an
output stream for file out.dat.
DataInputStream infile = new DataInputStream(new FileInputStream("in.dat"));

DataOutputStream outfile = new DataOutputStream(new

FileOutputStream("out.dat")); 32
 Example: DataInputStream/DataOutputStream
import java.io.*;
public class TestDataStream {
public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
// Create an output stream for file temp.dat
DataOutputStream output = new DataOutputStream(new
FileOutputStream("temp.dat"));
// Write student test scores to the file
output.writeUTF("John");
output.writeDouble(85.5); This program writes student
output.writeUTF("Susan"); names and scores to a file
output.writeDouble(185.5); named temp.dat and reads the
output.writeUTF("Kim");
output.writeDouble(105.25);
data back from the file.
// Close output stream
output.close();
// Create an input stream for file temp.dat
DataInputStream input = new DataInputStream(new
FileInputStream("temp.dat"));

// Read student test scores from the file

System.out.println(input.readUTF()+ " " + input.readDouble());
System.out.println(input.readUTF() + " " + input.readDouble());
System.out.println(input.readUTF() + " " + input.readDouble());
}
} 33
 Order and Format
CAUTION: You have to read the data in the same order and
same format in which they are stored. For example, since
names are written in UTF-8 using writeUTF, you must read
names using readUTF.

Checking End of File

TIP: If you keep reading data at the end of a stream, an
EOFException would occur. So how do you check the end
of a file? You can use input.available() to check it.
input.available() == 0 indicates that it is the end of a file.

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 BufferedInputStream/BufferedOutputStream
Using buffers to speed up I/O

BufferedInputStream/BufferedOutputStream does not contain new methods. All the

methods BufferedInputStream/BufferedOutputStream are inherited from the
InputStream/OutputStream classes. BufferedInputStream/BufferedOutputStream
manages a buffer behind the scene and automatically reads/writes data from/to disk
on demand. 35
 BufferedInputStream/BufferedOutputStream

• BufferedInputStream/BufferedOutputStream can be used to speed

up input and output by reducing the number of disk reads and writes.
• Using BufferedInputStream, the whole block of data on the disk is
read into the buffer in the memory once.
• The individual data are then delivered to your program from the
buffer, as shown in Figure (a) below.
• Using BufferedOutputStream, the individual data are first written to
the buffer in the memory.
• When the buffer is full, all data in the buffer is written to the disk
once, as shown in Figure (b) below.
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BufferedInputStream/BufferedOutputStream

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 Constructing
BufferedInputStream/BufferedOutputStream
// Create a BufferedInputStream

public BufferedInputStream(InputStream in)

public BufferedInputStream(InputStream in, int bufferSize)

// Create a BufferedOutputStream

public BufferedOutputStream(OutputStream out)

public BufferedOutputStream(OutputStreamr out, int bufferSize)

If no buffer size is specified, the default size is 512 bytes.

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 BufferedInputStream/BufferedOutputStream

DataInputStream input = new DataInputStream(new

BufferedInputStream(new FileInputStream("temp.dat")));

DataOutputStream output = new DataOutputStream(new

BufferedOutputStream (new FileOutputStream("temp.dat")));

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 ObjectInputStream/ObjectOutputStream
DataInputStream/DataOutputStream enables you to perform I/O for primitive
type values and strings. ObjectInputStream/ObjectOutputStream enables you to
perform I/O for objects in addition for primitive type values and strings.

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 ObjectInputStream/ObjectOutputStream
• ObjectInputStream/ObjectOutputStream classes can be used to
read/write serializable objects.
• DataInputStream/DataOutputStream enables you to perform I/O for
primitive type values and strings.
• ObjectInputStream/ObjectOutputStream enables you to perform
I/O for objects in addition to primitive type values and strings.
• Since ObjectInputStream/ObjectOutputStream contains all the
functions of DataInputStream/DataOutputStream, you can replace
DataInputStream/DataOutputStream completely with
ObjectInputStream/ObjectOutputStream.
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 ObjectInputStream
ObjectInputStream extends InputStream and implements
ObjectInput and ObjectStreamConstants.
ObjectStreamConstants contains the constants to support
ObjectInputStream/ObjectOutputStream.

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 ObjectOutputStream
ObjectOutputStream extends OutputStream and
implements ObjectOutput and ObjectStreamConstants.

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 Using Object Streams
You may wrap an ObjectInputStream/ObjectOutputStream on any
InputStream/OutputStream using the following constructors:

// Create an ObjectInputStream
public ObjectInputStream(InputStream in)
 
// Create an ObjectOutputStream
public ObjectOutputStream(OutputStream out)

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 Serialization and Deserialization in Java
• Serialization is a process of converting an object into a sequence of
bytes which can be persisted to a disk or database or can be sent
through streams.
• Deserialization is the process of reconstructing the object from the
serialized state.
• It is the reverse process of creating an object from sequence of bytes.
• An ObjectInputStream class deserializes objects and primitive data
written using an ObjectOutputStream.
• The ObjectOutputStream class is used to write primitive data types
and Java objects to sequence of bytes.
• Only objects that support the java.io.Serializable interface can be
written to streams.

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 Example: Serializable program
import java.io.Serializable; 
import java.io.*; 
public class Student implements Serializable{  
int id;  
  String name;  
public Student(int id, String name) {  
this.id = id;  
this.name = name;  
  }  
}  
class Persist{  
 public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{  
  Student s1 =new Student(211,"ravi");  
  FileOutputStream fout=new FileOutputStream("file.txt");  
  ObjectOutputStream out=new ObjectOutputStream(fout);  
  out.writeObject(s1);  
  out.flush();  
  System.out.println("success");  
 }  
}   46
 Example: Deserializable program

import java.io.*;  
public class Depersist{  
public static void main(String args[])throws Exception{ 
FileInputStream input = new
FileInputStream("file.txt"); 
  ObjectInputStream in=new ObjectInputStream(input);  
  Student s=(Student)in.readObject();  
  System.out.println(s.id+" "+s.name);  
  in.close();  
 }  
}  

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 2. Character I/O Streams
• Character Stream is an input and output data as a
sequence of characters.
• Java Byte streams are used to perform input and
output of 8-bit bytes, whereas Java Character
streams are used to perform input and output for
16-bit Unicode.
• All character stream classes are also descended
from two abstract classes Read and Writer.
• The most frequently used character stream
classes are: FileReader and FileWriter.
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2. Character I/O Streams

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 3. Standard I/O Streams
• All the programming languages provide support for
standard I/O where the user's program can take input from a
keyboard and then produce an output on the computer
screen.
• Java provides the following three standard streams:
– Standard Input - This is used to feed the data to user's program
and usually a keyboard is used as standard input stream and
represented as System.in.
– Standard Output - This is used to output the data produced by
the user’s program and usually a computer screen is used for
standard output stream and represented as System.out.
– Standard Error - This is used to output the error data produced
by the user’s program and usually a computer screen is used for
standard error stream and represented as System.err. 50
The End!!

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