Commercial Floriculture BHN CHM 1

COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 1
 Rose is “Eros” (The Greek Love-God) – Name of Greek

language.
 One of the “Natures Beautiful Creations”.
 Hence, it is universally acclaimed as the ‘Queen of flowers’
called by a ‘Sappho’ a poetess about > 2500 years ago.
 No other flower is a better symbol of
 Love,
 Adoration,
 Innocence,
 Peace,
 Friendship,
 Affection
 Passion, other virtues than the rose since thousands of years.
 It is certainly the best known and most popular of all the cut
flowers, throughout the world and has been growing on this earth
for many million years before the man himself appeared on earth.

01/11/22 COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 2
Important rose Importers and Exporters
Importer Exporter
1 Germany 1 Netherlands
2 USA 2 Columbia
3 The Netherlands 3 Ecuador
4 France 4 Kenya
5 Switzerland and 5 Israel and
6 U.K 6 Zimbabwe
Morphology
 The rose is an ornamental shrub/bush with upright or
climbing stems usually prickly (Thorny).
 Leaves– are alternate, compound, oddly pinnate with stipules
adherent to the leaf stalk.
 Flowers – are solitary (single) or in corymbs (cluster)
 Calyx – five lobed, lobes either simple or compound.
 Petals & Sepals– are generally five however Rosa sericea
has only four petals and sepals.
 Carpels– many inserted at the base of the calyx tube and
with simple projecting style and stigma.
 Fruits- The ripe fruit known as hip / heps, contains many
seeds and are rich in Vit. C, A1, B2, K & E.
 Seeds- are hard and fresh seeds have dormancy.
IMPORTANCE AND USES
 Because of its multi-utility, it occupies a prominant place
amongst the flower crops.
 Its different types having beautiful flowers of exquisite shape,
different shades with bewitching colours and most delightful
fragrance has made it an important flower for the varied uses.
 Cut-flowers: In floriculture, roses are of foremost commercial
importance and cut-roses have the highest demand throughout the
world and year round. European countries, USA, Canada, Japan,
Korea, Kenya, Colombia, etc. are the largest producers of cut-roses
under protected structures.
 Garden display: Roses are also the most important garden plant in
almost all parts of the world due to its perennial growth habit.
 They can be used as bush, standards, climbers, hedges and edges,
hangers and in rock gardens.
 Contd..
IMPORTANCE AND USES
 Standard roses (HT roses): is an important

feature in a rose garden (Rosery) .
 They are not distinctive types but are prepared by
budding with any cultivar at a higher point on a
long root stock and allowing the crown to form
only at the top leaving the entire stem clear off any
vegetative growth.

 Classification of Standard / HT roses:
 According to height of budding,
1. Full standards: The height of the budding is done
at 1-1.15 m above ground level.
2. Half standards: Budding is done at 45-60 cm height.
3. Weeping standards: 1.5 m or even higher the
budding is done on drooping branches. The growing
crown is look like hanging crown.
 Eg. Climbers / Rambler roses: climbing roses are used
for covering the walls of house or fencing or training on
arbours, arches, pergola pillars, etc.

 Used as Hedge or Edge: Any rose cultivars can
be used for these purposes for protection,
beautification and demarcation.
 Hedge: Any thorny cultivars are planted all along
the border of garden. Preferably floribundas are
ideal as they are vigorous types.
 Edge: Button / miniature roses are commonly
used for produce edges for demarcation of one
feature to another.
 Used in Rockeries: Some hardy miniature roses
are grown to beautify the rock garden.
 Eg: Fairy Queen, Magic, etc.

 Used as pot plants: Roses as pot plants in suitable
containers are also commercially grown. Miniature
and Dwarf polyanthus are suitable for the purpose.
 Eg: Baby mosque ride, fire princes, sweet dream. Etc.,
 Used as Hangers: Button roses can also be used for

growing in hanging pots / baskets.
 Used as loose flowers for garland making, extraction
of essential oils, for button holes i.e. Coat button
holes and Corsages (a single rose with foliage) -mini
bouquet.

For Perfume and allied products
 Rose water: Important commercial product obtained from rose
petals, used as perfume, medicine and confectionary.
 Cools the body, used in eye lotions, eye drops for its soothing qualities.
 Used in drinking water.
 It is sprinkled on guests at weddings, feasts & other social functions.
 Rose oil (Rose perfume): It is also obtained from rose petals,
sweet fragrance;
 medicinal properties; used in Ayurveda.
 Bulgarian ‘rose Otto' (Attar) is largely used in perfuming soaps &
cosmetics.
 Used in flavoring soft drinks and alcoholic liqueurs.
 It has antibacterial properties against Shigella dysenteriae and
Mycobacterium tuberculosis.
 R. demascena, R. borboniana, R. centifolia, R. alba & R. gallica. In
India R. demascena and R. borboniana are cultivated for rose oil.
 Gulkand: Rose petals are also preserved for direct
consumption prepared by pounding equal proportion of
petals and sugar – considered as tonic and laxative. R.
damascene, R. chinensis, R. gallica, R. pomifera & some
other scented roses.
 Eg: Edouard roses are used.
 Pankhuri: Dried rose petals are known as pankhuri
which are occasionally used for preparing sweets and
cold drinks.
 Gulroghan: The rose water oil prepared from rose
petals.

 Source of vitamins:
 Rose hips are very good source of ascorbic acid
(vit – C). Every 100 g of rose hip contains 150
mg of ascorbic acid compared with only 50 mg in
fresh orange juice, 20 mg in tomato and 5 mg in
apples.
 Species: R. rugosa, R. amblyotis, R. Acicularis,
R. davurica, R. pendulina, R. glauca and R.
canina
 Apart from Vit-C, the hips of R. roxburghii, R.
acicularis, R. rugosa, R. davurica found to
contain A1, B2, K & E.
Origin & History
It is said that rose came first and man afterwards.

According to Klougart and Fairbrother (1966), the history of
man and of the rose is linked together for about 5000
years.
Queen of flowers (Sappho’ > 2500 years ago).
No other flower has such a remarkable written record.
There is evidence that, roses reached Rome before Christ,
Preparation of rose water and attar was also in practice even
before the 17th century.

About 120 known wild species were identified in roses
All are indigenous to the “Temperate regions of the northern
hemisphere” have been reported to be growing.
Eleven species are reported to be growing wild in India. They
are,
1. Rosa brunonii (Himalayan Musk rose),
2. R.. eglanteria (Syn R.. foetida, Austrian rose),
3. R.. involucrate (Syn. R. sempervirens),
4. R.. leschenaultiana (Syn. R. sempervirens),
5. R.. longicuspis,
6. R.. macrophylla,
7. R.. moschata (Musk rose),
8. R.. rubiginosa (Sweet briar, Eglantine rose),
9. R.. walpoleana,
10. R.. sericea (Ladakh rose)
In India,
Several species were found under cultivation - mostly in the
Himalayan ranges.
The cultivation of roses was perhaps taken up during the
Mughal period.
Babar introduced the Persian or Damask rose into India
(1526).
The Edouard rose (R. borboniana) was introduced in 1840
during the British rule.
Both Damask and Edouard roses are highly scented and are
being extensively cultivated in India.
Commercial cultivation of roses for cut flower trade
has increased during last four decades.
The major rose producing states are
 Karnataka,
 Maharashtra,
 Punjab,
 UP,
 Delhi and
 Chandigargh,
 While in Gujarat, Haryana, HP, MP, Rajasthan, TN
and WB grown to a limited extent.

CLASSES OF PRESENT DAY GARDEN
ROSES
1) Hybrid Tea (HT Roses):
 Originally developed from crossing between Hybrid perpetual
and Tea roses
 Most popular rose type.
 Bearing large highly centered flowers.
Eg: ‘La France’ (1867) – 1st cultivar of this type.

2) Floribunda (Hybrid polyanthas)
 Developed in 1924 from the cross between a Hybrid Tea x
Polyantha
 They combined the beautiful forms of the Hybrid Teas with the
perpetual flowering habit of the Polyanthas.
 Flowering in clusters with small size and open centre
 Good for garden.
 Eg: Wekplapep (2000), Jumpin Jack (1998)

3) Hybrid perpetual
 They are the immediate forerunners of Hybrid Tea.
 These are considered to be the offspring’s of R. chinensis, R. gallica and
R. centifolia
 They are not perpetual flowering types, as the name suggests,
but they flower more than once in the season/year.
 Eg: Princesse Helence
4) Teas: Also called “Tea scented China roses” they derived their
names from their distinct aroma.They have known to have
originated from R. chinensis and R. gigantean (Manipur Tea
rose)
 Free flower types
 Eg: Anna Olivies., Lady Hillingdon

 5) Grandifloras: Mainly obtained from crosses between
Hybrid Tea and Floribunda type.
 Produce large flowers in cluster with fine form.
 Eg: Buccaneer (1952), June Bride (1957), Montezuma (1955),
Queen Elizabeth (1954), Jazor (2000).
 6) Polyantha
 Dwarf with small flowered polyanthus were the
forerunner of Floribundas. Blooms for several months.
 Their Ancestry includes crosses of R. multiflora and R.
wichuraiana (Climber) and the Bengal hybrid R. indica
major(R. chinensis)
 Eg: La paquorette (1875), Baby Faurax (1924), Echo (1914)

 7) China roses: (R. chinensis/ R. indica)
 It is responsible for nearly all the present day popular roses.
 Bears red to nearly white flowers in small clusters.
 Also called ‘Bengal rose’ or ‘Monthly roses’
 Perpetually flowering types.
 Eg: Comtessedu cayla (1902)
 Green roses also included in this group R. chinensis viridiflora
 8) Miniature / Button Roses
 Popularly known as ‘Baby roses’ with small leaves & flowers
 They are hardy and good for pot culture.
 Multiplied by cuttings as well as budding on root stocks.
 Eg: Baby gold star (1940), Baby Masquerade (1956), Cindrella (1952), peon
(1936), etc.
 9) Climber and Rambler: These are old climbers, with large
clusters of small, single or double flowers, mainly belong to
two groups.
 Multiflora ramblers from R. multiflora,
 Eg: Blush Rambler (1903), Crimson Rambler (1890)
 Wichuraina ramblers from R. wichuraiana
 Eg: American Pilla (1902)
 Used for training on arches, pergolas, etc.

 10) Damask rose
 These belongs to the species R. damascene
 Originated from cross between R. phvenicia and R. gallica.
 Bears clusters of very fragrant pale pink to red, double –
petal led flowers.
 Eg: Madame Hardy (1832), Celsiana Hebe’s Lip (1921)

11) Bourbon rose: (Rosa borboniana)
 They have originated from a natural cross between China
rose and the Damask rose. It is named after the name
Island ie. Isle de Bourbon (1817)
 Floriferous over long season and borne singly or in cluster.
 Have large petals double flower wide and silky and are
very scented
 Eg: Rose Edouard, Bourbon Queen (1935)
12) Cabbage rose: These belongs to the species R. centifolia

and they are also called as ‘Provence rose’.
 They bear large, solitary, very fragrant pink flowers.
 Eg: Demeaux and chapeau de Napoleon (1827)
 Petal arrangement is like cabbage, hence the name.
 13) Moss Rose: They belongs to cabbage rose class and
arose as sports of the centifolias. Growing closely like
moss, all over the seed pod and sepals.
 Eg: Old pink Moss (1845)
 14) French rose: Also known as ‘Gallica roses’ having

developed from R. Gallica.
 These are perhaps the oldest type of cultivated roses – known.
 Includes pink or crimson colours with good fragrance.
 Having medicinal properties.
 Eg: Belle de Crecy, Cardinal de Richelieu.

 15) Alba: Along with the gallicas and the Damasks, the
Albas constitute the truly old garden roses.
 Originated from cross between R. corymbifera and R.
gallica.
 Very hardy and bear white or pinkish flowers with
delightful fragrance.
 Eg: Celestial, Queen of Denmark.
 16) Musk rose: R. moschata is the musk rose, derived its
name from the musky fragrance of the flowers.
 They make good shrub roses as well as pillar roses.
 Eg: Eva, Felicia, Moon light, etc.

17) Noisette rose: Originated from R. chinensis and R.
moschata (or is a hybrid of China rose and musk roses)
 Climber in nature.
 Eg: Lamarque, Marechal Niel.

18) Rugosa: (R. rugosa)
 Very hardy type, which do well on the ‘seashore.’
 Very vigorous, resistant to cold.
 Good for hedge because of highly thorny nature.
 Bears large, red or white flowers.
 Eg: Blanc Double de Coubert.

ROSE SPECIES
1. Rosa alba (White rose) [R. corymbifera x R. gallica)

2. R. bonksiae (Banksian rose) (1796) -Flowers white or
pale yellow.
3. R. borboniana (R. chinensis x R. d. semperflorens)
Bourbon rose- Flowers double, deep rosy red,
scented and flowers are 7.5 cm. diameter.
4. R. Canina (Dog roses) Flower single, white or pink,
scented, small and in clusters.

5. R. centifolia (Cabbage rose) (1596) : is a complex hybrid
which contains four species viz.,
 R. gallica,
 R. Phoenicia,
 R. moschata and
 R. Camria - Flowers large, fully double with overlapping
petals, deep pink with a slight purplish blue towards
centre.
6. R. chinensis Syn. R. indica (China rose) (1759) : A large
climbing evergreen shrub. Flowers single, bluish-pink,
pink or crimson, rarely white in colour.

7. R. clinophyllia Syn. R. involucrate (Wild rose of Bengal)
Flowers white, appear solitary or in small clusters.
8. R. damascene (R. gallica x R. Phoenicia (Summer damask
rose ); R. gallica x R. inoschata or R. canina) (Damask
Rose)
9. R. eglanteria syn. R. rubiginosa (Sweet Brier) (1551)
10. R. foetida syn. R. lutea, R. eglanteria (Austrian Briar rose)
Flowers single, bright golden yellow
11. R. gallica syn. R. rubra (French rose) (1542)
 Flowers single, purplish – crimson, in small clusters.
12. R. gigantean syn. Odorata var. gigantean (Manipur Tea
Rose)

13. R. moschata (Musk rose)
 Flowers white, usually semi-double but some times
single with musk (N®š®²Ù‹) fragrance.
 R. multiflora-Flowers single, white with golden
yellow stamens.
14. R. wichuraiana (Memorial rose) Scented, produce in large
clusters.
15. R. persica syn. Berberifolia (Rose of Persia) Flowers deep
golden yellow, single.
16.R. rugosa (Ramanas rose, Rugosa rose) Flower in small
clusters, single, large, purplish rose to violet – carmine.

Exotic cultivars
Hybrid Tea
Red : Christian Dior, First Prize, Forever,
Gladiator, Happiness
White : John F. Keneedy
Yellow : Aalsmeer Gold, Golden Moments,
Golden Giant.
Pink : Brides Dream, Confidence
Scarlet : Crimson Glory, Forever
Orange : Harvest Sun, Super Star

Floribunda:
White : Summer Snow
Yellow : Goldilocks
Pink : Pink Iceberg
Scarlet : Heat – Wave
Orange : Orange Silk
Polyantha
Red : Red Triumph
Crimson : Rashmi
Miniature
White : Cinderella, Cream Puff

Yellow : Honey Comb
Pink : Sugar Elf
Climbing miniature
White : Cinderella
Pink : Climbing Candy Cane
Climber and Rambler

White : Silver Moon
Yellow : Golden showers
Orange : Lavender Mist
Indian cultivar
Hybrid Tea
Red : Raktagandha
White : Dr. Homi Bhabha
Pink : Arjun
Purple : Dr. B.P. Pal, Dhum
Apricot : Abhisarika

Floribunda
Orange : Suryakiran
Polyantha
Pink : Pink Showers
Miniature
Red : Dark Beauty
Climber
Yellow : Kanyakumari

ROSE CULTIVATION IN OPEN
CONDITION
 Roses are grown in gardens in all parts of the
world.
 Temperate countries, the most important period of
flowering is summer.
 Tropical climate- winter and spring where as,
 Subtropical climate- round the year

Soil Requirement:
 Although any soil is good for rose cultivation

provided it has proper drainage.
 It loves medium loam having sufficient organic
matter with a pH of 6.0 to 7.5.
 It can sustain little acidity (pH 5.5-6.5)
 Good aeration; the land with high water table is
not suitable.
 In very heavy soils, gravel and sand may be
mixed into the bed to allow proper drainage.

Climatic Requirements:
 The most important factors are
 Light (photoperiod, intensity and quality),
 Temperature (aerial and root zone),
 Humidity,
 Co2,
 Ventilation, etc.

Climatic Requirements:
 The most important point regarding environment
to remember is that,
 Rose love sunshine and free ventilation.
 They need bright sunshine for the whole day, if
not at least for normal part of the day, the
forenoon.
 Sunshine for six hours is ideal for better growth
and flowering.
 The plants should be free from shades of trees and
protected from the strong winds.
Humidity
 Plays an important role in the incidence of pests
and diseases affecting the growth and flowers.
 Mildews are highly associated with high humidity.
The climactic condition of India is well suited for
rose production.
 In the northern plains rose flowers best during
winter where as in temperate hilly region of the
Himalayas best flowers are produced in Summer
 Bangalore, Pune and such mild climatic regions
we can produce good quality roses round the year.
CULTIVARS
 The selection of rose cultivars depends upon the

purposes for growing, viz
(i) Garden display,
(ii) Cut flower- for decoration, sale and export , for
making garlands and worshipping.
(iii) Exhibition purposes.

Garden display:
 Considerations for selection of rose cultivars for this

purpose are
 The kinds of roses, which will suit the location and
fulfill the objectives
 Form,
 Size,
 Shape,
 Floriferousness,
 Colour and
 Fragrance
 It should be resistant to insect’s pests and diseases.

Cut flowers
 The HT cultivars producing beautiful shaped blooms of long
lasting quality, born singly on long straight stalks are suitable
for use as cut flowers.
 The CVs which open slowly and the blooms last for a longer
period when placed in water are suitable for expert as cut
flowers.
 The cultivars preference in export market keeps on changing.
 Eg. First Red, Sonia Milland, Mercedes, Red Success, Miracle,
Orange Gate, Prophyta, Nobless, Somantha etc are in great
demand.
 Where as for loose flowers are normally used for garland
making, worshipping etc. any locally grown cultivars are
quite suitable.
Exhibition
 Specific qualities for “Rose show”
 Under different classes the most important
selection aspects are,
 H.T. specimen bloom
 Floribundas
 Polyanthas (No specific criteria for exhibition
purpose only arrange in the particular groups.
 Miniature /button roses.
 Fragrant roses
 Climbers
Exhibition
1. H.T. specimen bloom:
These are the major attractions in a rose show.
 Specimen blooms are the top quality blooms of
large sized,
 High centered having sufficient number of petals
which are arranged symmetrically in an attractive
outline,
 Forming a high circle with 3-6 flowers are
arranged in specimen section.

2. Floribundas
 In this section the main considerations are
 the floriferousness and quality of the spray.
 They are judged on the basis of inflorescence.
 The arrangement of flowers and number of
symmetrical and well balanced spray are
paced in arrangement.
 They are called ‘Spray roses’.
3. Polyanthas: They are almost miniature like but
single petals.
Cultivars Developed At IARI By Dr. B.P. Pal
HT roses Floribundas
Anurag, Banjaran,
Arju, Chandrama,
Bhim, Delhi princes
Chitwan, Loree,
Dr. B.P. Pal, Mohini
Homi-Bhabha, Nelambari,
Jawahar, Prema,
Kanakangi, Rupali,
Mridula, Sadabahar,
Mrinalini, Shabnam,
Poormina, Sindoor,
Rajasurendra Singh Suchitra
Raktagandha Suryairan.
Cultivars Evolved Through Natural
Mutation or as Bud Sports
 At IARI three CVs were developed through
Induced mutation.
1. Abhisarika from Kiss of Fire
2. PUSA Christian from Christian Dior and
3. Madhosh from Gulzar.

Propagation of roses
Seed propagation
 This method of propagation is generally adopted
by breeders for developing new cultivars with
desirable characters.
 Seedlings of rose species are also used as root
stock for grafting or budding.

II. Vegetative propagation
 Cutting: Propagation of roses by cuttings normally done
 to raise stocks for grafting or budding.
 for multiplying vigorous types of cultivars like Climbers,
ramblers, polyanthus and miniature roses.

1. A). Stem cuttings: Easiest and least expensive method.
1. Each shoot should be cut clean just below the
node and lower leaves have to be removed.
2. Cuttings with single/double or triple-eye better
for rooting.
2. B). Root cuttings.
 More resistant to frost than stem cuttings,
 But growth & flowering is poor in root cuttings.
 The growing point should be always keep top.
 eg R. blanda R. nitida and R. Virginiana

c). Layering
 Usually practices in climbing and rambling cultivars. Practiced
in early monsoon or early spring. Not good due to the fibrous
root.
1. Air layering: It consists of removing of the bark, about 2.5cm
long and apply rooting hormone IBA/NAA (@10ppm) and
cover with rooting media (sphagnum moss) and covering with
polyethylene film for quick rooting.
2. Ground layering: It is performed by bending shoots to the
ground and covering it with soil, but leaving the terminal and
exposed. Cutting or notching should be given in the underside
of the stem.
 Rooting take place in a month or so and the layered shoots
is detached 15-20 days after root formation.
d). Grafting
 Inarch grafting is another method for propagating
roses,
 Disadvantages.
1. Failure is common
2. Flowering wood is sacrificed.
3. The cost of grafted plant is costlier than
budded plants
 Not popular due to above drawbacks.

e). Budding
 Budding is the most popular and successful method.
 Provides larger number of plants than cuttings, layering or
grafting, as a single shoot of the desired scion furnishes a no.
of buds for budding.
 Rooted cuttings of stock or seedlings with roots are used as
in budding and grafting.
1. T-budding,
2. Inverted T and
3. Slit method (I)
 Shield or T-budding is commercially practiced.
 On the selected rootstocks, the buds are inserted into a T-
shaped incision and then tied with suitable wrapping
material like polyethylene sheets /tape, adhesive tape,
binding rubber strip.
Time of budding
 The time of budding varies from place to place
 The right stage of budding is when plants have good sap flow and the
cambium tissue is highly active.
 The best time for budding in different regions areas follows.
 In eastern India : Jan-March -Due to ideal temp./spring season.
 Northern India : Dec-Feb.
 In places with mild climate like in Bangalore, Pune, Dharwad etc.
budding can be done almost any time.
 Bud woods can be stored at 0oC and utilized for budding.
 Should be preferably done 5-7cm above ground.
 It takes 3-4 weeks for bud union. The ideal temperature is 10-25 oC.

Root stocks
 Proper selection of root stock is of prime importance
 They known to impart marked effects on the
1. Vigour
2. Precocity (early maturity)
3. Productivity
4. Quality of bushes,
5. Disease resistance
6. Adoptability to soil and climatic conditions etc.
therefore, it is necessary to choose the most suitable
rootstock for budding or grafting roses.

Characteristics/qualities of good
rootstock
1. It should produce strong fibrous root system.
2. It can be easily propagated cuttings.
3. It should have vigorous growth habit, healthy and
resistant to disease and frost.
4. Plant should have uniform growth rate.
5. It should have thick bark to hold the bud.
6. It should be reasonably free from suckers.
7. It should support the budded plant to survive for a long
tissue.
8. It should withstand a wide range of soils and climatic
conditions. COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 54
Common rootstocks
 Rosa borboniana (Edourad rose) : Popular in northern parts of
India due to its straight and long stem.
 R. canina inermis (Dog rose) : Europe, Hardy and excellent.
 R. indica var adorata: Tolerant to PM & insects (for PC)
Resistance to extreme soil conditions.
 R. laxa : common in Europe.
 R. maneth : Common in Europe for dwarf roses. Resi to
Verticillium wilt.
 R multiflora var. inermis : good for outdoor roses. Resistant to
nematodes (India).
 R. rugosa : used in Europe for HT Roses
 R. fortuneana, R. moschata, R. egalnteria, R. sempervirens
 R. rubiginosa, Rs. Chinensi etc.
Micro-propagation:
 Propagation in vitro is a rapid method
 Explants : shoot spices, axillary buds and leaf blade,
 Media : Murashige & skoog’s (MS high salt medium
eg. BA @2.0mg and NAA @0.1 mg/litre)
 MS Media: contains 20g sucrose+6-8g agar/litre+1 mg
IBA
 Usually breeders use this method for fast multiplications to
bulk up a new variety.
 These are free from pests and diseases.
 Drawback: They take long time for establishment.
 Take min one year to produce saleable flowers.
 These are used for pot roses.
 Costly hence not commonly
COMMERCIAL practiced.
FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 56
Planting of roses
 There are two types of systems are
commonly followed in rose planting, viz,
 1. Pit system: 45 x 45 x 45 cm. (LBD)
 2. Trench system:
 60 – 75 cm (Wide)
 30-45 cm. (Depth)
 Any length with
 60-90cm Path (between the trenches).

Spacing
 It varies from types of roses soil to soil and place to place so
also purpose of planting.
Outdoor cultivation
 75x75 cm : Hybrid
 60x60cm :Varieties
 However from the management point of view 60 x 60 cm is
ideal for outdoor cultivation.
Protected cultivation
 60x30 cm.
 30x20 cm.
 30x30 cm.
 40x20 cm
 40x17.5 cm with 45-50 cm between the beds
Season of planting
The suitable time :

 InPlains : September – October
 Hills : October – November
or February – March

Planting
This operation should receive very careful attention
 Cut away all immature, dead, inward growing or diseased shorts
allow only outward growing bud.
 Remove all the suckers growing below the point of union.
 To reduce the possibility of loss of moisture, some leaves
including dried and yellow ones should be remained.
 If the rose plants are delivered with shriveled bark it is suggested
to immerse the plants in water for 24 hours to plump up.
 Before planting the plants should be immersed in 0.1 % Blitox
solution (ie. 1.0 g in 1 liter of water) to lessen the risk of attack
of fungi.
COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM

Contd..
60
Irrigation
Adequate soil moisture is very much essential in all the
stages of vegetative and flowering of roses, water logging is
not good for rose cultivation.
 The frequency of irrigation depends on
 Stage of growth
 Soil texture
 Climate and whether the plant is grown in the field or pot.
 Normally in lighter soil more frequent irrigation is required
than that in heavy soils.
 In general water the rose beds once in a week or 10 days in
winter and twice a week during the summer season.
COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM  Contd..
61
Manures and Fertilizers
 Rose is a nutrient loving plant
 about 16 elements are known to play an important role for its proper
growth and development.
 Major nutrients like N, P2O5, K2O, ca, mg & S,
 Micronutrients like Fe, Mn, Cu, B, Mo, Zn, etc.
 The dosage of nutrients varies from soil to soil and climate as well.
 Basic manuring with bulky organic matter has to be done before
planting.
 After establishment as well as immediately after pruning both
organic and inorganic manures have to be applied.
 Supplementary manuring should be done after the first flush of
blooming is over and there is a pause for the next flush.
 It was reported that monthly application is better for healthy growth
and flowering.
Manures and Fertilizers
 RDF for rose is 10 : 10 : 15g of NPK / plant after each

pruning. Along with this 100 g of rose mixture (complex)
has to be given. Normally twice a year i.e. After each
pruning.
 First dose – 15 days after pruning
 Second dose – After the first flush is over.
 Third dose – After second flush is over, before the
spring blooming.
 FYM – 5-10 kg / bush
 Applied 20 – 25 cm away from the stem.

Liquid Fertilizers
 Liquid fertilizers are also been practices through

foliar spray for hardening the limp stem and
getting good blooms for exhibition purpose
 Dissolve
 Potassium nitrate @ 680 g (24 02)
 Amm. Sulphate @ 340 g (12 02)
 Pot. Phosphate @ 170 g in 96 gallon of water &
applied @ 0.5 gallon / plant
 (1 gallon=3.785 litres &1 litre = 0.2642 gallons)
Micronutrients
 Rose mixture / multiplex, etc. are given through
foliar spray
 07.10 g – Potssium Sulphate
 14.17 g – Ammonium Sulphate
 28.35 g – Potassium Nitrate in 8 gallon of
water and be applied @ 1.36 g /
liter

Mulching:
 Uses of Mulches
 They conserves soil moisture
 Supply humus –improvement of growth and flowering
 Suppress weeds
 Keep the soil some what cooler in summer
 Mulching materials
 Well decomposed garden compost/FYM,
 Peat straw,
 Saw dust,
 Ground or whole corn cobs,
 Black polythene sheets (0.18 mm)- increased 29-56%
flower yield.
Weed control
 Weeds pose a very serious problems in rose cultivation.
They not only consume water and nutrients but also acts as
alternate hosts for a number of pests and diseases.
 Manual method is effective, if it is done properly and
frequently.
 However, chemical method is economical, convenient and
efficient in eradicating weeds by one or two applications.
 Eg: 2, 4-D @ 2 kg/ha: Dissolve in 1600 liter of water and
spray (before flowering), controls broad leaved needs.
 Nitrofan @ 9 lb ai / acre gave 95% control

PRUNING IN ROSES
 Refers to the removal of certain portion of the
plant.
 It is an important operation for maintaining
floriferousness and flower quality along with
vigor of roses.
 It should not be confused with training –
 Training is mainly concern with giving a definite
shape of the plant and it determines the form of the
plant / bush. While
 Pruning effects the functioning of the plant.

PRUNING IN ROSES
 The practice of rose pruning consists of two operations
1. Thinning and
2. Shortening of stem.
 Thinning: Comprises removal of old, weak, dry, twiggy
and diseased stems and branches from the point of start
(production)
 Shortening: shortening of the remaining shoots aims to
cutting down of last year’s growth to a desirable height.
 Correct pruning is an essential factor for successful in
rose growing and therefore it should be done with
precision and care.
Objectives
 To remove the unproductive growth, because rose
plant bears flowers on a new shoot .
 To ensure production of large number of strong and
healthy shoots.
 To improve flower production and quality.
 For forcing the strongest flower bud by breaking
vegetative growth.
 It keeps the rose bush in proper shape and size.
 Contd…
Objectives
 To allow light and air to reach the centre of the
plant.
 To facilitate various cultural operations like
hoeing, weeding, soil scraping, sterilization,
manuring so also harvesting the long and straight
stems.
 To rejuvenate the old plants (economic life of rose
plant is 8-10 years).
 Cut off the old plants from the base to get strong
shoots. Practical for ornamental purpose only.
TIME OF PRUNING
 The purpose of pruning will not serve, if it is done at the wrong

time.
 Sufficient time must be allowed for the new shoots and mature to
flower.
 Late pruning delays flowering as well as reduce the production
considerably.
 The best time for pruning in rose is the period when the activity
of the rose plant is least and the plant is at dormant to near
dormant stage.
 Contd..

TIME OF PRUNING
 Pruning time will depends entirely on the climate condition of the

region.
 In temperate climate it is normally done in spring.
 Over a large area in India pruning is done only once in a year.
 The most usual time for pruning is during October-November –
after rains are well over and the cold season is approaching.
 Staggering of pruning at weekly interval from September end
to October end will provide a regular supply of flowers through
out the winter.
 In some other regions it is practiced twice year.
 May for monsoon flowering and
 October for winter flowering.

Where and How to prune?
 Every rose stems has eyes (buds) alternating on opposite
sides in the leaf axils (usually outward and inward).
 The basic rule in pruning is -always to make the cut about
half a centimeter above a vigorous bud that finds in the
direction one desires to new shoot to grow.
 Since a rose bush has to be kept open in the centre, the cut is
made at an outward growing bud. Where as in climbing
roses the pruning is done at a bud pointing more or less
upward.
 Always the cut should be slightly slant.
 Contd..
 As the horizontal cut retains moisture / sap and therefore, is liable

to cause fungal growth.
 Care should be taken not to make it too high above the eye (bud)
as there may be chance of die back of shoot.
 On the other hand if the cut is very near to the bud the bud may die
for want of sap flow.
 So cut one inch (0.5-2.5cm) above the vigorous bud.
 It is absolutely necessary to cut sharp end clean.
 Broken tissues, bruises or hanging shreds of bark will invite for
infestation of pests & diseases.
 Contd..
 All the cut ends should be pasted with cane sealer (copper
fungicide) against the attack of fungus and cane boring
insects
 Within a fortnight after pruning new flush of growth will
start and
 within 45 days after pruning new flowers are ready for
harvest.
 Because of this habit, the date of pruning can be
manipulated any time depending on the occasions.

Types of pruning
 The intensity of pruning markedly influences the growth and
flowering
 Depending upon the extent and level of shortening, there are
three types of pruning.
 1. Light pruning – strong & sturdy plants are pruned
lightly.
 2. Moderate pruning – pruned moderately.
 3. Hard pruning – weak plants/old bushes.
 Light pruning:
 Very light i.e. dried and dead branches are trimmed.
 Cut either at the 2nd or 3rd eye bud immediately below the
flower bearing stalk. Removing tips upto 2-3 buds.
 Practiced in standard roses, climbers and ramblers.
Types of pruning
 2. Moderate pruning:
 Healthy shoots are pruned back to 45-60cm from the base.
 Commonly practiced in floribundas and HT roses.
 3. Hard pruning:
 Consists of keeping only 3-4 shoots of the last year and
heading back at about 3-4 eyes from the base
 Practiced for rejuvenation of old bushes and weak plants.
pruning is done by leaving 10-30cm from bud joint.
 As preliminary to the main pruning operation all weak,
diseased, dead and slender growing and overlapping
branches are to be completely removed.

Pruning of one-year-old rose plants
 The real pruning starts in the second year of the growth of
plants.
 In the first year of planting, the pruning is done to give a
definite shape to the plants and the operation will vary
according to the class of the rose is termed as training.
Pruning of established rose plants
 The pruning of established plants is done to remove the
weak, dead and damaged shoots and to obtain the larger
number of quality blooms by regulating the shape and size
of the plants.

SPECIAL CULTURAL PRACTICES TO
IMPROVE THE QUALITY OF ROSES
1. Thinning:
 Removal of the undesirable growth like inward
growth, weak stems, blind shorts, crowded growth.
2. De-suckering: Removal of suckers from root stock i.e.
the shoots produced below the bud union on rootstocks
have to be removed as and when they are noticed.
3. Pinching:
 Removal of a part of terminal growing portion of stem is
called pinching.
 It is done to reduce the plant height and to promote
auxiliary branching.
 Pinching of blind shoot is beneficial to increase
flowering.
4. Disbudding
 Removal of undesirable buds is known as disbudding.
 Keeping only the central bud and removal of others, cause the
development of a quality bloom.
 It is done in standard roses. Here we are reducing number of
flowers.
5. Removal of young vegetative shoots
 This practice is also known as de-shooting.
 Generally followed in HT roses. Young vegetative shoots
developing from the axils of leaves of basal and lateral shoots
are removed to allow only one terminal shoots.
 It is important from the point of stalk length. If it is not
removed timely we get more number of branches and
ultimately maximum number of flowers.
6. Defoliation:
 Under special conditions it is followed
 The study indicated that removal of leaves from
rose plants will increase number of blind shoots,
 Defoliation helps in forcing the plants to produce
growth and flowering during desired period.
7. Use of growth substances:
 To some extent some growth regulators like GA3,
 GA3 @ 250ppm has been found to increase the
stalk length, flower size and reduces number of
blind shoots.
 Retardants like CCC are used to get more number
of flowers with good quality.
8. Removal of faded flowers:
 If the opened blooms are not removed in time,

there is chance of developing fruits bearing
seeds.
 Once the hips are formed and reach the advanced
stage of development, growth and flowering are
severally reduced during the subsequent season,
 Cut the faded flowers which will force for strong
lateral bud which produces good quality flowers.

HARVESTING
 At tight bud stage i.e., when the bud show full colour
before the petals unfolding.
 At this stage flower last longer in vases or during
transportation for better retention of colour and
freshness.
 The optimum stage may varying slightly depending
on cultivar and one has to experience to judge the
right stage for cutting.
 Because a flower bud of a red cultivar when cut at
a little early stage may fail to open later.
COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM
 Contd..
84
HARVESTING
 Pink and yellow cultivars are better than red.
Most pink and red Cv. should be allowed to
develop a stage where one of the two outer
petals begin to unfurl at the upper point.
 Loose flowers are harvested only when they are
fully opened and collected in large open boskets.
 The optimum stage to cut in the Cv. like Mercedes
and first red when the sepals move away from the
buds and the tips of the petals separated.
Time of harvesting:
 The flowers should be cut before sunrise i.e.

 Early morning or
 Late in the afternoon when the sun is about to set so as to
avoid damage of buds due to high temperature during the
day.
 Late harvest result in short vase life of cut flower and
low oil content.
 In greenhouses for every two hours it will be harvested.

Time of harvesting:
 The stem cut should always be given above a
healthy outward pointing bud with a clean and
sharp secature.
 Stem has to be cut above two five leaflet leaves.
 The cutting of the stem just above the ‘Knuckle’
(The point at which the shoot originate is called
‘Knuckle’) significantly reduces the flower yield
per plant compared to the cutting made above the
1st or 2nd five leaflet leaf stage.

Pre & Post harvest operations:
 Immediately after cutting the stem should be dipped in

clean water up to the neck or base of the flower bud.
 The delay in keeping the cut flowers in water will leads to
air entry and results in vascular blockage.
 After harvesting, transport into grading room and the
flower stalk kept separately to avoid bruising until the cut
is completed,
 soon after the cutting of the stem a re-cut should be given
in water about 2.5 cm above the previous cut.
 After harvesting, the grading, processing of other
operation will takes place.

POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY:
 Pre-cooling:
 In a cold storage at a temperature range of 4.4-7.2 oC
the flowers have to be kept immediately after
harvesting.
 To remove latent heat and intern it enhances the keeping
quality of flowers and then
 Dispatch for marketing with maintaining cold chain, it
should be transported to Airport by ‘refrigerated Van’
and
 Store them in cold storage at airport and directly shifted
to refrigerated cargo frights.
 Usually pre-cooling is done for 6-8 hours in winter and
8-12 hours in summer.
POST HARVEST TECHNOLOGY:
Pulsing:
 Treating the cut flowers with 2-4% sucrose
solution for 3-4 hours.
 To make the cut flower very hardy and turgid

intern help in better quality and also have less neck
bending.

Post harvest handling
Grading and packaging
 The cut-blooms are graded according to the length of
stem and then packed in corrugated cardboard boxes.
 The size of box varies with the quality ad quantity of

roses to be packed.
 A box of 100 cm long, 32.5 cm wide, 6.5 cm high
can accommodate 80 roses having 65-70cm long
stem.
 Contd..
Post harvest handling
Grading and packaging
 Inside the box it should be lined with thin polythene
and very fine moist tissue paper shavings to provide
a cushion to the blooms.
 Cut flowers have to be packed in corrugated
cardboard boxes (CCB) alone or in combination
with a polyethylene film (PEF) lining and / or wet
newspaper (WNP).

YIELD:
 The yield depends as several factors viz,

 Cultivars,
 Plant density/unit area,
 Flowering duration,
 Pruning method,
 Nutrition and
 Other cultural operations adopted from time to time

YIELD:
 On an average the outdoor rose cultivation yields

about 60-80 flowers/m2/year
 where as from green house we get 140-160
flower/m2/year.
 Plant density has much influence on total yield.
 Normally closure spacing yields more number of
flowers than wider spacing.

PESTS
1. White ants (Termites): Damages the roots, - Apply
chloropyriphos @5% dust in the pit before planting & drench
@ 4ml/litre of water. Termiseal can also be used to check
termites.
2. Aphids: Spray Malathion (@0.1%) or metasybtox @ 0.1-0.2%.
3. Thrips: Suck the sap from dorsal side of the young leaves &
flower buds. Mottled and deformed young leaves with brown
or silvery patches or burnt margins & deformed flowers control
same as aphids.
4. Jassids: Suck the cell sap from the leaves leads to whitening or
yellowing. Control: Parathion @ 0.03% or 0.1% metacid.

PESTS
5. Chafer beetle: Making irregular holes and punches on
leaves the grubs feed on roots. Soil application with
heptachlor @ 3% dust to control grub; 0.2% metacid to
control beetle.
6. Red scales: The tiny insects occur in thousands and the
affected branches become dry. Control: Appliction of
granular insecticides like cabofuron @ 1.5 kg ai/ha or
disulphton and phorate @ 3.0kg a.i.
7. Red spider mites: Polyphagous pests found on the underside
of leaves covering with fine silky webs. White specks
appear on leaves, mottled, turn yellow & fall. Control:
Kethane, morestan, Dimite (Kelthane @ 8ml/10 litre of
water. COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 96
PESTS
8. Digger wasps: It damage the plants after pruning, they dig a
hole into the stem through the cut ends and make a nest
there. Because of this burrowing the fungus causing
dieback disease.
Control: Painting the pruning cuts with fungicidal paint
containing 4 parts each of copper carbonate (COC) and red
lead along with 5 parts of linseed oil. Put few drops of rogar
or dimecron in the hole and plugging with a small piece of
cotton to kill the insect.
9. Mealy bugs: observed on stalk of buds and flowers. They
suck the sap-buds do not open and flowers wither.
Control: Fumigation with MB (32mg/l)
DISEASES:
 Nematodes:
 Symp: Rootgalls on infested plants, results into
malnutrition. Decrease shoots growth leads to chlorosis.
 Flowering affected.
Control measures:
 Apply poultry manures to reduce the population
 Soil fumigation with DD @ 50 liter/ha (2, 3-
dichloropropane and 1, 3-dichloropropane), EDB (ethylene
dibromide or DBCP (1, 2-dibromo-3-chloropropane) is very
effective.
 Apply nemagon @ 10-12 litre/ha

DISEASES:
1. Die back (Diplodia rosarum + Collectotrichum sp).
 Symptoms : Death of the plant from top to downwards.
 Reasons:
 Generally observed after pruning.
 Also due to improper use of fertilizers and watering,
 Borer damage,
 Poor drainage,
 Lack of sunlight
 Continuous outbreak of black spot or mites attack
and importantly scale infestation.
Control:
 Proper cultural operation prevents the die back
disease.
 Apply copper fungicides.
DISEASES:
2. Powdery mildew: (Sphaerotheca pannosa var. rosae)

 Appear when the days are warm and night are cool.
 Powdery mass is observed on all parts of the plants
 Control: Spray with sulphur fungicides like wettable
sulphure. benlate, karathane, bayleton, bavistin etc.
3. Black spot: (Diplocarpon rosae).
 Characterized by dark brown, circular spots with
fringed borders, present on both sides of the leaflets.
 Control :Same as pm.

DISEASES:
 Leaf spot (Alternaria alternata) – Capton or Zineb @ 2000ppm

 Stem blight (capton spray @ 2000ppm)
 Rust
 Botrytis blight (Botrytis cineria)-Buds turn brown and decay.
 Root fungus – (Trichoderma viridae) – decayed. Leaves,
yellow – plants die
 Rose wilt – caused by virus.
 Recurring of leaflet at the tip of young shoots which are brittle.
Defoliation may happen. Aphids – transmit the disease.
 Rose mosaic virus.

Commercial Floriculture BHN CHM 1

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COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 1

 Rose is “Eros” (The Greek Love-God) – Name of Greek

 Standard roses (HT roses): is an important

01/11/22 COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 6

01/11/22 COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 7

01/11/22 COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 8

 Used as Hangers: Button roses can also be used for

01/11/22 COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 9

01/11/22 COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 11

It is said that rose came first and man afterwards.

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Eg: ‘La France’ (1867) – 1st cultivar of this type.

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01/11/22 COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 19

01/11/22 COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 21

12) Cabbage rose: These belongs to the species R. centifolia

 14) French rose: Also known as ‘Gallica roses’ having

01/11/22 COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 23

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01/11/22 COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 25

1. Rosa alba (White rose) [R. corymbifera x R. gallica)

01/11/22 COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 26

COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 27

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White : Cinderella, Cream Puff

Climber and Rambler

01/11/22 COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 32

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COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 34

 Although any soil is good for rose cultivation

COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 35

COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 36

 The selection of rose cultivars depends upon the

COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 39

 Considerations for selection of rose cultivars for this

 It should be resistant to insect’s pests and diseases.

COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 43

COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 46

COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 47

ramblers, polyanthus and miniature roses.

 But growth & flowering is poor in root cuttings.

 The growing point should be always keep top.

 eg R. blanda R. nitida and R. Virginiana

COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 50

COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 52

COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 53

 Any length with

 60-90cm Path (between the trenches).

COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 57

The suitable time :

01/11/22 COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 59

COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM

 RDF for rose is 10 : 10 : 15g of NPK / plant after each

COMMERCIAL FLORICULTURE BHN CHM 63

 Liquid fertilizers are also been practices through