Coffea

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COFFEA

History of Coffea

•One day in a highland area near an Abyssinian


monastery, a goat herder from Kaffa named
Kaldi was herding his goats.
•The goats began to jump around—almost dancing
—and bleat loudly, which was strange behavior for
his herd.
•Kaldi found that a small shrub (or a cluster of
shrubs, according to some legends) was the
source of the excitement.
•Deciding to try the bright red berries for himself,
Kaldi also felt the coffee cherries' energizing
effects.
•Wild coffee plants, probably from Kefa (Kaffa), 
Ethiopia, were taken to southern Arabia and
placed under cultivation in the 15th century.
History of Coffea - contd

• Whatever the actual origin of coffee, its stimulating effect undoubtedly


made it popular.
• Ironically, though Islamic authorities pronounced the drink intoxicating
and therefore prohibited by the Qurʾān, many Muslims were attracted
to the beverage as a substitute for alcohol, also prohibited by the
Qurʾān. 
• Despite the threat of severe penalties, coffee drinking spread rapidly
among Arabs and their neighbours and even gave rise to a new social
and cultural entity,
• the coffeehouse Called qahveh khanehs, first appeared in Mecca in the
15th century and in Constantinople (now Istanbul) in the 16th. 
• Yemen : origin of the term "mocha." While today it is most often
associated with chocolate-flavored coffee drinks, such as the 
mocha latte, it originally referred to the city of Mocha on Yemen's Red
Sea coast. 
Coffea arabica
Coffea robusta
Ripe (red) and unripe (green) coffee cherries.

• Coffee was introduced into one European country - 16th and


17th centuries. 
• By the end of the 17th century, coffee houses were flourishing
across Britain, the British colonies in America, and continental
Europe.
• But, with the increasing popularity of the beverage, the 
propagation of the plant spread rapidly to Java and other
islands of the Indonesian archipelago in the 17th century and
to the Americas in the 18th century.
• Coffee cultivation was started in the Hawaiian Islands in 1825.
History of Coffee in India

• Coffee came to India well before the East India company,


through an India Sufi saint named "Baba Budan".
• The first record of coffee growing in India is following the
introduction of coffee beans from Yemen by Baba Budan
to the hills of Chikmagalur, Karnataka in 1670.
• Traditional areas representing the southern states of
Karnataka, Kerala and Tamil Nadu.
• The plantations in the south are the cradle of Indian
coffee.
• They include the Bababudangiris in Karnataka, known
as the birthplace of coffee in India.
Coffee ( Coffea species) Cultivated
Varieties

• Coffea arabica
• C. canephora (robusta coffee)
• C. liberica Vietnam
• C. congoensis (tolerates temporary water logging)
• C. arabusta (C. arabica x C. canephora)
• C. abeokutae
• C. excelsa
• C. macrocarpa
• C. stenophylla
• C. brevipe
• There are more than 120 identified species /varieties
under the Coffea genus.
• Today the C. arabica and C. canephora are the
most economic and widely cultivated world-wide.
COFFEA CULTIVATION
Current distribution of cultivated coffee species

• Horticultural Science and Plant Breeding modified


the cultivated species of coffee to thrive in
marginal ecological conditions by
• C. arabica (Highland Coffee) South and Central
America, Caribbean, India, Pacific Islands,
Indonesia, Viet Nam, New Guinea, Philippines,
Highland regions of Africa Ethiopia, Kenya,
Tanzania, Rwanda, Zimbabwe, Burundi, Zaire,
Angola, Cameroon, Guinea and Nigeria.
• C. canephora (Lowland Coffee) Africa (relatively
low quantity, hot and humid areas), Uganda,
Tanzania, Angola, Sudan, Zaire, Central African
Republic, Cameroon, Gabon, Benin, Togo, Ghana,
Ivory Coast, Guinea, Sierra Leone, Nigeria,
India, Indonesia, New Caledonia, the Philippines,
Viet Nam, Cambodia, Brazil, Bolivia and Trinidad.
Cultivation of C. arabica

• Most suitable climate is the original (Ethiopian)


climate i.e. tropical climate tempered with
altitude with two contrasting seasons.
• Rainfall of between 750 mm and 3000 mm with 4
months of dry season.
• Average annual temperature of between 18°C
and
22°C.
• C. arabica thrives in some lowland climates
especially hot and humid equatorial areas but
altitude must be higher than 800 m asl for good
berry yield.
• It is damaged by frosts in low land and extreme
cold in very high altitude.
• The tea tree which is heavily branched
and kept in shape by judicious pruning
Coffea canephora (syn. Coffea robusta),

•It is a lowland coffee originated from equatorial


Africa.
•All lowland coffee types are similar invegetative and reproductive
characteristics.
•Require hot and Tropical to equatorial climates.
•Heavy annual rainfall of 1500 mm and 2500 mm spreading over
9 to 10 months with high relative humidity and short dry season.
•Coffee thrives on hillsides with gentle slope and deep
fertile soils.
•Temperature of between 27°C and 30°C.
•C. canephora is next to C. arabica in bean
quality while C. liberia and other species are of
lower bean quality.
Site Selection For Coffee Growing

• Site to be selected for coffee


cultivation is determined by type of
coffee to be grown.

• Highland coffee C. arabica requires


600 M asl
and above.
• Medium altitude coffee C. liberica
requires 450-600 m asl.
• Lowland coffee C. canephora
requires 0 750 Masl.

• Hillsides with a gentle slope that are


rich in nutrients especially potash and
organic matter are ideal for coffee.
Coffea liberica
•  

Coffea liberica is native to western and central Africa


from Liberia to Uganda and Angola.
It has become naturalised in the Philippines,
Indonesia, Seychelles, the Andaman & Nicobar
Islands, Malaysia 
Propagation of Coffee
Raising of coffee seedlings

• Plantable seeds or seedlings must be obtained


from designated centers - Research Institutes or
Colleges and Faculties of Agriculture of
Universities.
• Sorting of seeds against small, abnormally-
shaped, infected and infested seeds.
• Selected seeds are ready for raising seedlings.
• If coffee seeds are to be stored / transported,
treat with charcoal dust and fungicides and
aldrin dust against termites.
Clonal / Vegetative Propagation of Coffee

• Multiplication of coffee plants by


vegetative means (mainly
cuttings).
• Clonal propagation involves the
use of stem cuttings, budwood,
scion wood for grafting and
layering, taken from selected
trees.
Coffea Nursery
Tissue Culture
Transplanting and Hardening-off

• Coffee seedlings are maintained and hardened-off following the


standard operational procedures in the nursery.
• Transplanting Of Coffee Seedlings Into The Field
• Planting spacing / planting densities
• C. canephora
• 4.0 m x 2.5 m (1100 trees/ha)
• 2.5 m x 2.0 m (2000 trees/ha)
• C. arabica
• 4.0 m x 2.5 m (1000 trees/ha)
• 2.0 m x 2.0 m (2500 trees/ha)
• High density planting for Coffea spp, of 5000 plants/ha, requires
a considerable investment in terms of fertilizers
Maintenance Of Coffee Plantation

• Weeding Clean-weeding during the


establishment phase of the transplants, especially,
in the first 18 -24 months eliminates weed
problems and thus facilitates good establishment
of the
transplants.
• In a non-organic coffee production system,
herbicides may be used to check weed growth.
• Mulching : organic mulch is preferable.
• In a termite-infested land, the mulch should be
sprayed with a termiticide.
• Research reports have indicated that coffee
transplanted under 50% shade had better growth
performance.
Harvesting And Processing Of Coffee Berry

• Harvesting: 3 years after transplanting into the field.


• The immature berries are green while the mature ones
are either yellow, purple or red depending on variety.
• Harvesting must be carried out when berries are ripe.
• Harvesting is carried out by hand because berries occur
in clusters and do not ripen at once.
• Harvesting is therefore an activity for the women and
children.
Major Diseases Of Coffee

• Hemileia leaf rust (the leaf) : Causal


organisms Hemileia vastatrix, H.coffeicola.
Control use of resistant varieties, copper
fungicides and farm hygiene / sanitation.
• American leaf spot (foliage and berry):
Causal organisms Stilbellum flavidum,
Agaricus citricolor
Control farm hygiene / sanitation, copper
fungicides.
• Black rot (foliage and berry): Causal
organism Pellicularia koleroga
• Control farm sanitation, copper fungicides.
Major Insect Pest Of Coffee

• Defoliator (Epicampoptera glauca)- Effect coffee plant with lace-


like leaves
Control spray plant with endosulfan directing jet upwards from
underneath.
• Berry borers (Stephanoderes hampei) - Effect Beetles bore small
holes in ends of berries. Larvae feed, develop and destroy berries.
Control Regular harvesting, hygienic measures, spray with
insecticides.
• Termites - Effect roots eaten up , Coffee plant falls off
without any symptom.
Control Destroy termitarium in and around coffee
plots.
USES OF COFFEE
• Coffee is one of the three most-popular
beverages in the world (alongside water and tea)
• One of the most-profitable international
commodities.

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