Methods of Estimate

METHODS OF PREPARATION OF APPROXIMATE
ESTIMATE
Preliminary or approximate estimate is required for studies of various aspects
of work of project and for its administrative approval. It can decide, in case of
commercial projects, whether the net income earned justifies the amount
invested or not. The approximate estimate is prepared from the practical
knowledge and cost of similar works. The estimate is accompanied by a report
duely explaining necessity and utility of the project and with a site or layout
plan. A percentage 5 to 10% is allowed for contingencies. The following are
the methods used for preparation of approximate estimates.
a) Plinth area method
b) Cubical contents methods
c) Unit base method
a) Plinth area method:
The cost of construction is determined by multiplying plinth area with plinth
area rate. The area is obtained by multiplying length and breadth (outer
dimensions of building). In fixing the plinth area rate, care full observation and
necessary enquiries are made in respect of quality and quantity aspect of materials
and labour, type of foundation, height of building, roof, wood work, fixtures,
number of stores etc.,
As per IS 3861-1966, the following areas include while calculating the plinth area
of building.
a) Area of walls at floor level.
b) Internal shafts of sanitary installations not exceeding 2.0 sqm, lifts, air-
conditionsing ducts etc.,
c) Area of barsati at terrace level: Barsati means any covered space open on one
side constructed on one side constructed on terraced roof which is used as
shelter during rainy season.
d) Porches of non cantilever type.
Areas which are not to include
a) Area of lofts.
b) Unenclosed balconies.
c) Architectural bands, cornices etc.,
d) Domes, towers projecting above terrace level.
e) Box louvers and vertical sun-breakers.
Problems on Plinth Area Method
Example 1: Prepare an approximate estimate of building project with total plinth
area of all building is 800 sqm. and from following data.
i) Plinth area rate Rs. 4500 per sqm
ii) Cost of water supply @7½%of cost of building.
iii) Cost of Sanitary and Electrical installations each @ 15% of cost of building.
iv) Cost of architectural features @1% of building cost.
v) Cost of roads and lawns @5% of building cost.
vi) Cost of P.S. and contingencies @4% of building cost. Determine the total cost
of building project.
Example 2: The plinth area of an apartment is 500 sqm. Determine the total cost
of building from the following data:
a) Rate of construction = Rs.1230/--per m3 .
b) The height of apartment = 16.25 m
c) Water Supply, Sanitary and Electrical installations each at 6% of building cost.
d) Architectural appearance @ 1% of building cost.
e) Unforeseen item @2% of Building cost.
f) P.S. and contingencies @4% of building.
Solution :
g) The Cost of building = cubic content x cubic rate
= 500 ×16.25 ×1230 = Rs. 99,93,750/-
b) Cubical Contents Method: This method is generally used for multistoreyed
buildings. It is more accurate that the other two methods viz., plinth area method
and unit base method. The cost of a structure is calculated approximately as the
total cubical contents (Volume of buildings) multiplied by Local Cubic Rate. The
volume of building is obtained by Length x breadth x depth or height. The length
and breadth are measured out to out of walls excluding the plinth off set. The cost
of string course, cornice, carbelling etc., is neglected.
The cost of building= Volume of buildings X Rate/unit Volume.
Problem on Cubical content Method:
Example1 : Prepare the rough estimate for a proposed commercial complex for a
municipal corporation for the following data. Plinth Area = 500m2 /floor Ht. of each
storey = 3.5m No. of storeys = G+2 Cubical content rate = Rs. 1000/m3 Provided for a
following as a pecentage of structured cost
a) water supply & Sanitary arrangement -8%
b) Electrification -6%
c) Fluctuation of rates - 5%
d) Contractors profit - 10%
e) Petty supervision & contingencies - 3%
c) Unit Base Method: According to this method the cost of structure is
determined by multiplying the total number of units with unit rate of each item.
In case schools and colleges, the unit considered to be as 'one student' and in case
of hospital, the unit is 'one bed'. the unit rate is calculated by dividing the actual
expenditure incured or cost of similar building in the nearby locality by the
number of units.
Problems on Unit Base Method:

Example 1: Prepare an approximate estimate or rough cost estimate of a hospital
building for 50 beds. The cost of construction altogether for each bed is Rs.
60,000/-. Determine the total cost of hospital building.
Solution:
No. of beds = 50
Cost of construction = Rs. 60,000/-
Total Cost of Hospital building = 50x 60,000= Rs. 30,00,000/-
Example 2: To prepare the rough cost estimate of a hostel building which
accommodate 150 students. The cost of construction including all provisions is
Rs. 15,000/- per student. Determine total cost of building.
Solution :
No. of students= 150
Cost of construction including all L.S. provisions = Rs. 15,000/-
Total Cost of hostel building =150 x 15000 = Rs. 22,50,000/-
(Rupees twenty two lakhs, fifty thousands only)
DETAILED ESTIMATE:
The preparation of detailed estimate consists of working out quantities of various
items of work and then determine the cost of each item. This is prepared in two
stages.
i) Details of measurements and calculation of quantities:
The complete work is divided into various items of work such as earth work
concreting, brick work, R.C.C. Plastering etc., The details of measurements
are taken from drawings and entered in respective columns of prescribed
proforma. the quantities are calculated by multiplying the values that are in numbers
column to Depth column as shown below:
Details of measurements form (Measurement Book)
Item Description of No. Length Width Height Quantity Total Remark
No. item Quantity
1 FT-I 2 2.5 2 1.5
2 EW FOR FT-II 6 3 2.5 1.5

ii) Abstract of Estimated Cost :
The cost of each item of work is worked out from the quantities that already
computed in the details measurement form at workable rate. But the total cost is
worked out in the prescribed form is known as abstract of estimated form. 4%of
estimated Cost is allowed for Petty Supervision, contingencies and Unforeseen
items.
Abstract of Estimate Form
Item No. Description Quantity Unit Rate Per (Unit) Amount
The detailed estimate should accompanied with

i) Report
ii) Specification
iii) Drawings (plans, elevation, sections)
iv) Design charts and calculations
v) Standard schedule of rates.
Factors to be considered While Preparing Detailed Estimate:
i) Quantity and transportation of materials: For bigger project, the
requirement of materials is more. such bulk volume of materials will be
purchased and transported definitely at cheaper rate.
ii) Location of site: The site of work is selected, such that it should reduce
damage or in transit during loading, unloading, stocking of materials.
iii) Local labour charges: The skill, suitability and wages of local laboures are
considered while preparing the detailed estimate.
DATA:
The process of working out the cost or rate per unit of each item is called as
Data. In preparation of Data, the rates of materials and labour are obtained from
current standard scheduled of rates and while the quantities of materials and
labour required for one unit of item are taken from Standard Data Book (S.D.B)
Fixing of Rate per Unit of an Item:
The rate per unit of an item includes the following:
1) Quantity of materials & cost: The requirement of materials are taken strictly
in accordance with standard data book(S.D.B). The cost of these includes first
cost, freight, insurance and transportation charges.
ii) Cost of labour: The exact number of labourers required for unit of work and
the multiplied by the wages/ day to get of labour for unit item work.
iii) Cost of equipment (T&P): Some works need special type of equipment,
tools and plant. In such case, an amount of 1 to 2% of estimated cost is
provided.
iv) Overhead charges: To meet expenses of office rent, depreciation of
equipment salaries of staff postage, lighting an amount of 4% of estimate cost is
allocated.
UNITS OF MEASUREMENTS:
The units of measurements are mainly categorized for their nature, shape and size
and for making payments to the contractor and also. The principle of units of
measurements normally consists the following:
a) Single units work like doors, windows, trusses etc., are expressed in numbers.
b) Works consists linear measurements involve length like cornice, fencing, hand
rail, bands of specified width etc., are expressed in running metres (RM)
c) Works consists areal surface measurements involve area like plastering, white
washing, partitions of specified thickness etc., are expressed in square meters (m2)
d) Works consists cubical contents which involve volume like earth work, cement
concrete, Masonry etc. are expressed in Cubic meters.
METHODS OF TAKING OUT QUANTITIES:
The quantities like earth work, foundation concrete, brickwork in plinth
and super structure etc., can be workout by any of following two methods:
a) Long wall - short wall method
b) Centre line method.
c) Partly centre line and short wall method.
a) Long wall-short wall method:
In this method, the wall along the length of room is considered to be long wall
while the wall perpendicular to long wall is said to be short wall. To get the
length of long wall or short wall, calculate first the centre line lengths of
individual walls. Then the length of long wall, (out to out) may be calculated
after adding half breadth at each end to its centre line length. Thus the length of
short wall measured into in and may be found by deducting half breadth from
its centre line length at each end. The length of long wall usually decreases
from earth work to brick work in super structure while the short wall increases.
These lengths are multiplied by breadth and depth to get quantities.
b) Centre line method:
This method is suitable for walls of similar cross sections. Here the total centre line
length is multiplied by breadth and depth of respective item to get the total quantity
at a time. When cross walls or partitions or verandah walls join with main all, the
centre line length gets reduced by half of breadth for each junction. such junction or
joints are studied carefully while calculating total centre line length. The estimates
prepared by this method are most accurate and quick.
c) Partly Centre line and partly cross wall method:
This method is adopted when external (i.e., all-round the building) wall is of one
thickness and the internal walls having different thicknesses. In such cases, Centre
line method is applied to external walls and long wall-short wall method is used to
internal walls. This method suits for different thicknesses walls and different level of
foundations. Because of this reason, all Engineering departments are practicing this
method.

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METHODS OF PREPARATION OF APPROXIMATE

Problems on Unit Base Method:

2 EW FOR FT-II 6 3 2.5 1.5

The detailed estimate should accompanied with

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