Dr.

G Pundarika

Principal
Government Engineering
College
Ramanagara
 Thermal Energy Storage Systems
Contents

• Introduction To TESS
• Classification
• Latent Heat Storage
• Phase change materials and application
• Case study application
 What is Thermal energy storage?
• Thermal energy storage (TES) is a technology
that stocks thermal energy by
• Heating or cooling a storage medium so that the
stored energy can be used at a later time for
heating and cooling applications and power
generation.
• TES systems are used particularly in buildings
and industrial processes.
• In these applications, approximately half of the
energy consumed is in the form of thermal
energy,
 Thermal energy storage –Why do we need it ?
• Energy demands vary on daily, weekly and seasonal bases.
TES is helpful for balancing between the supply and demand
of energy
• Thermal energy storage (TES) is defined as the temporary
holding of thermal energy in the form of hot or cold
substances for later utilization.
• TES systems deal with the storage of energy by cooling,
heating, melting, solidifying or vaporizing a material and the
thermal energy becomes available when the process is
reversed.
• TES system for a particular application depends on storage
duration, economics, supply and utilization temperature
requirements, storage capacity, heat losses and available
space
• Peak Shaving
 Technology Status
• Thermal energy storage (TES) includes a number of
different technologies.
• Thermal energy can be stored at temperatures from -
40°C to more than 400°C as sensible heat, latent heat
and chemical energy (i.e. thermo-chemical energy
storage) using chemical reactions.
• Thermal energy storage in the form of sensible heat is
based on the specific heat of a storage medium, which is
usually kept in storage tanks with high thermal
insulation.
• The most popular and commercial heat storage medium
is water, which has a number of residential and
industrial applications.
Demand Supply mismatch during peak hours
Regional Supply Demand Mismatch-Year 2014
Thermal Energy storage projects –World Wide
 Physical principles of thermal energy storage

• Sensible heat : The storage is based on the temperature

change in the material and the unit storage capacity
[J/g] is equal to heat capacitance × temperature change.

• Phase-change: If the material changes its phase at a

certain temperature while heating the substance then
heat is stored in the phase change. Reversing, heat is
dissipated when at the phase change temperature it is
cooled back. The storage capacity of the phase change
materials is equal to the phase change enthalpy at the
phase change temperature + sensible heat stored over
the whole temperature range of the storage.
• Chemical reactions: The sorption or thermo chemical
reactions provide thermal storage capacity. The basic
principle is: AB + heat ⇔ A+B; using heat a compound
AB is broken into components A and B which can be
stored separately; bringing A and B together AB is
formed and heat is released. The storage capacity is the
heat of reaction or free energy of the reaction.
Process flow in a TES
Thermal Energy Storage types
 Sensible Thermal Energy Storage
• The use of hot water tanks is a well known technology for
thermal energy storage
• Hot water tanks serve the purpose of energy saving in
water heating systems based on solar energy and in co-
generation (i.e. heat and power) energy supply systems.
• State-of the- art projects [3] have shown that water tank
storage is a cost-effective storage option and that its
efficiency can be further improved by ensuring an optimal
water stratification in the tank and highly effective
thermal insulation.
• Today’s R&D activities focus, for example, on evacuated
super-insulation with a thermal loss rate of = 0,01 W/mK
at 90°C and 0,1 mbar and on optimized system
integration.
• Hot water storage systems used as a buffer storage for
domestic hot water (DHW) supply are usually in the
range of 500l to several m3.
• This technology is also used in solar thermal
installations for DHW combined with building heating
systems (Solar-Combi-Systems).
• Large hot water tanks are used for seasonal storage of
solar thermal heat in combination with small district
heating systems.
• These systems can have a volume up to several thousand
cubic meters (m3).
• Charging temperatures are in the range of 80-90°C.
• The usable temperature difference can be enhanced by
the use of heat pumps for discharging (down to
temperatures around 10 °C).
 Example

The solar district heating “Am Ackermann-bogen”

(Munich, Germany) supplies solar energy for space
heating and domestic hot water for about 320 apartments
in 12 multi-story dwellings with about 30,400 m2 of living
area. The system is designed to cover more than 50% of
the annual heat demand (i.e. about 2,000 MWh/a) using
solar energy collected by 2,761 m2 of flat-plate collectors.
The heat collected is used either directly or stored in a
6,000 m3 underground seasonal hot water storage.
Underground Thermal Energy Storage (UTES) – UTES
Is also a widely used storage technology, which makes use
of the underground as a storage medium for both heat and
cold storage. UTES technologies include borehole storage,
aquifer storage, cavern storage and pit storage. Which of
these technologies is selected strongly depends on the local
geological conditions.
Borehole storage is based on vertical heat exchangers
installed underground, which ensure the transfer of
thermal energy to and from the ground layers (e.g. clay,
sand, rock). Many projects aim for seasonal storage of
solar heat in summer to heat houses or offices in winter.
Ground heat exchangers are also frequently used in
combination with heat pumps where the ground heat
exchanger extracts low-temperature heat from the soil.
 Aquifer storage

• Uses a natural underground water-permeable layer as a

storage medium.
• The transfer of thermal energy is achieved by mass
transfer (i.e. extracting/re-injecting water from/into the
underground layer).
• Most applications deal with the storage of winter cold to
be used for the cooling of large office buildings and
industrial processes in the summer
• A major prerequisite for this technology is the
availability of suitable geological formations.
 Cavern storage and pit storage
• Are based on large underground water reservoirs created
in the subsoil to serve as thermal energy storage systems.
• These storage options are technically feasible, but
applications are limited because of the high investment
costs.
• For high-temperature (i.e. above 100 °C) sensible heat
storage, the technology of choice is based on the use of
liquids (e.g. oil or molten salts, the latter for temperatures
up to 550°C.)
• For very high temperatures, solid materials (e.g. ceramics,
concrete) are also taken into consideration. However, most
of such high-temperature-sensible TES options are still
under development or demonstration.
Layout Scheme of an Aquifer Storage System
 Phase Change Materials for TES
• Sensible heat storage is relatively inexpensive, but its
drawbacks are its low energy density and its variable
discharging temperature
• These issues can be overcome by phase change materials
(PCM)-based TES, which enables higher storage
capacities and target oriented discharging temperatures.
• The change of phase could be either a solid/liquid or a
solid/solid process.
• Melting processes involve energy densities on the order
of 100 kWh/m3 (e.g. ice) compared to a typical 25
kWh/m3 for sensible heat storage options.
Phase change materials can be used for both short-term
(daily) and long term (seasonal) energy storage, using a
variety of techniques and materials. Table 2 shows some of
the most relevant PCMs in different temperature ranges
with their melting temperature, enthalpy and density.
Stored Heat vs. Temperature for Sensible (without phase change)
and Latent
Layout Scheme for “Passive Cooling”
Thermal Energy Storage via Chemical Reactions
• High energy density (i.e. 300 kWh/m3) TES systems can be
achieved using chemical reactions (e.g. thermo-chemical
storage, TCS).
• Thermo-chemical reactions, such as adsorption (i.e. adhesion
of a substance to the surface of another solid or liquid), can
be used to store heat and cold, as well as to control humidity.
• Typical applications involve adsorption of water vapour to
silica-gel or zeolites (i.e. micro-porous crystalline alumino-
silicates).
• Of special importance for use in hot/humid climates or
confined spaces with high humidity are open sorption
systems based on lithium-chloride to cool water and on
zeolites to control humidity.
TES De/Adsorption Process
Sorption Materials under Investigation
Mobile Sorption Storage System for
Industrial Waste Heat Utilisation
Storage Capacity vs. Temperature for Sensible,
Latent and Thermochemical TES
Most Interesting Chemical Reactions for
Thermal Energy Storage
Economic Viability of TES Systems as a
Function of the Number of Storage Cycles
per Year
Case studies and application
 Major companies in India

• TESSOL
• CoolElectrica- Promthean Power systems
• Cristopia Energy
• Clique Solar
• Pluss (Research , Development and
Manufacturing)
Typical Parameters of Thermal Energy Storage
Systems
 Energy Management
Definition of Energy Management

Energy Management is defined as “The strategy of

adjusting and optimizing energy, using systems and
procedures so as to reduce energy requirements
per unit of output while holding constant or
reducing total costs of producing the output from
these systems”
 Objective of Energy Management

• The objective of Energy Management is to achieve and

maintain optimum energy procurement and utilisation,
throughout the organization
• To minimise energy costs / waste without affecting
production & quality
• To minimise environmental effects.
 Energy Management Objectives Clarified

• How much energy is consumed

• How is the energy consumed
• Where is the energy consumed
• When is the energy consumed
• What is the quality of the energy consumed
• In order to address these queries Energy
Audits are conducted. Lets understand audits -
 Principles of Energy Management
• Without knowing how, when and where energy is used,
there is no way to gauge the relative importance of energy
management projects. Identifying and tracking energy use
patterns is the first step in any energy program.
• More energy savings may be obtained by simply
controlling a system’s use (e.g., lighting) than by installing
more efficient components.
• Most successful energy management programs are found
in the best managed and maintained facilities, not in
those with the greatest quantity of technological
equipment.
• Good maintenance practices and good energy
management go hand in hand. Some of the highest rates
of return on energy conservation are generated simply by
performing maintenance.

• Preventive maintenance is still critical, and reactive

maintenance (waiting for a crisis to occur) is still foolish,
despite funding limitations. It is easy to ignore preventive
maintenance when systems are new, calibrations are
precise, seals are tight, and heat-exchanger surfaces are
clean. As systems age, these and other items need care.
No amount of technology will obviate the need for regular
care or compensate for its absence.
• Maintenance and energy management serve different
purposes. One cannot be substituted for the other. For
example, cleaning light-fixture lenses and re lamping them
is good maintenance; installing more efficient lamps and
ballasts is good energy management. These distinctions
must be remembered when budgets are being prepared.
• Automated energy management systems cannot
compensate for poor HVAC system design. If heating and
cooling loads are incorrectly estimated or equipment is
inappropriate, automation cannot wring more
performance out of system components than they were
designed to provide.
The Energy Management System
The ISO 50001 – Energy management systems
standard
• ISO 50001:2011, a voluntary international standard for
energy management systems, was developed by the
International Organization for Standardization (ISO).
• The standard was developed to equip organisations with
the requirements of an EnMS.
• It draws on numerous national and regional energy
management standards, specifications and regulations,
including from China, Denmark, the European Union,
Ireland, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Sweden, Thailand,
and the United States.
• The ISO 50001 is a classical management system standard
for manufacturing and services, and can be adopted by
different organisations of all sizes in both public and private
sectors. It was designed in such a way that it can be
integrated with other management systems, especially
those concerning quality and environmental management,
or be implemented individually. As with ISO 9001 (quality
management) and ISO 14001 (environmental management),
it is based on the Plan-Do-Check-Act framework.
• Importantly, the ISO 50001 standard does not fix targets for
improving energy performance. Instead this is up to the user
organisation or regulatory authorities. This means that any
company can implement ISO 50001 in accordance with its
own energy policy and establish a continuous energy
performance improvement process in line with its capacity
and budget resources (ISO, 2011).
• Companies that have implemented a standardised EnMS
as part of a wider energy management programme have
often achieved savings beyond what they would have
achieved through self-designed systems. An example of
this can be found in Ireland where companies using a
standardised EnMS and that are taking part in the
government LIEN programme have reported faster energy
performance improvement, despite not being new to
energy management and having already achieved
significant savings over a previous 10-year period without
the use of an EnMS standard (IEA/IIP, 2012).
 Energy demand estimation
• Much of the energy generated today is produced by large-scale,
centralized power plants using fossil fuels (coal, oil, and gas),
hydropower or nuclear power, with energy being transmitted and
distributed over long distances to the consumers.
• The efficiency of conventional centralized power systems is
generally low in comparison with combined heat and power (CHP)
technologies (cogeneration) which produce electricity or
mechanical power and recover waste heat for process use.
• CHP systems can deliver energy with efficiencies exceeding 90%,
while significantly reducing the emissions of greenhouse gases and
other pollutants .
• Selecting a CHP technology for a specific application depends on
many factors, including the amount of power needed, the duty
cycle, space constraints, thermal needs, emission regulations, fuel
availability, utility prices and interconnection issues.
Energy Data Management
Relationship model of the energy demand
Energy controlling and optimization
Energy demand forecast methods
Energy Pricing