Considerations For Highway Planning and Design Highway Geometric Design

RAILROAD ENGINEERING
GROUP
GROUP11
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Considerations for
BUILDING YOUR FUTURE

HGHWAY AND
Highway Planning
and Design
Highway Geometric
Design
PHINMA-University of Pangasinan “dreaming.
ART without ENGINEERING is
“
ENGINEERING without
Arellano Street, Dagupan City,
2400 Pangasinan, Philippines ART is calculating.
info@up.phinma.edu.ph +63 (075) 522-5635 -Steven Roberts
Basic Consideration in Planning Arterial
Roadways
1. Selection Of The routes
2. Studies of the traffic volume
3. Origin and Destination
4. Accident Experienced
5.Width should not be less than 15 meters.
6. Must Carry of one lane of traffic in each Direction.
7. Should Be at least 1 km in length.
8. Should Skirt neighborhood areas rather than penetrate them.
9. On grid design system streets, arterials are spaces at about 600 to 900 meters
apart.
10. Where accident hazard is not a factor, the minimum volume to justify
arterial road is 300 vehicles per average hour during the day, and 450 vehicles
hourly during peak periods.
Design
Consideration
Highway design involves the consideration of three major factors (Human,
vehicular, and roadway) and how these factors interact to provide a safe highway.
Human factors include reaction time for braking and steering, visual acuity for traffic
signs and signals, and car-following behaviors.
Vehicle Considerations include vehicle size and hydraulics that are essentials for
determining lane width and maximum slopes and selecting design vehicles.
Highway Engineers design road geometry to ensure the stability of vehicles when
negotiating curves and grades. It also provides adequate sight distances for
undertaking passing maneuvers along curves on two-lane, two-way roads.
Highway and Transportation Engineers must meet many safeties, services, and performance
standards when designing roads for specific site topography. Highway geometric design primarily
refers to the visible elements of the highways. Highway engineers who design the geometry of
roads must also consider the environmental and social effects of the design on the surrounding
infrastructure.
Some of these design considerations are;

• Design Speed
• Design Traffic Volume
• Number of lanes
• Level of sevice (LOS)
• Sight Distance
• Alignment, super-elevation, and grades
• Cross-section
• Lane Width
Geometric Design of Highway
Weight-Volume
is the determination of layoutrelationship from
and features the phase
visible diagram ofThe
on highway. soilemphasis is
more on satisfying the need of the driver as well as to ensure the safety of the
vehicle, the comfort while driving and efficiency.
The geometric design of highway is influenced by:

• The characteristics of the vehicle
• The behavior of the driver
• Traffic Volume
• Traffic Speed
Factors Affecting the Geometric Design of Highways
• The Design Speed c
- It is the maximum safe speed that can be maintained over a specified section of the highway.
So, by standard: 85th percentile design speed is the normally adopted design speed.
• The topography factors
- For a plain terrain, it is very easy to construct the highway as per the standards. As the terrain
and the gradient increases the construction cost will increase for a specific design speed.
Pavement Surface
Characteristics & Friction
For Safe And Comfortable Driving, Four aspects
of the pavement surface are important;
• The Friction between the wheels and the

pavement surface,
• Smoothness of the road surface
• The light reflection characteristics of
the top of pavement surface
• Drainage of water
Friction between the wheel and the pavement surface is a crucial factor in designing horizontal
curves and thus safe operation speed. Further, it also affects the acceleration and deceleration ability
of vehicles. Lack of adequate friction can cause skidding or slipping of cars.
Various Factors
Various Factors that that affect
affect friction
friction
are;
are;
1. Type of the pavement (like bituminous, concrete, gravel)
2. Condition of the pavement (dry or wet, hot or cold, etc.)

3. Condition of the tire (new or old)
4. Speed and load of the Vehicle.
Unevenness
Unevenness affects the vehicle operating cost, speed, riding comfort,
safety, fuel consumption, and wear and tear or tires. Unevenness index
measures unevenness, the cumulative standard of vertical undulations of
the pavement surface recorded per unit horizontal length of the road.
Uneveness Index
(mm/km) Type of road
<1500 Good
1500-2500 Satisfactory
2500-3500 Bad
>3500 Uncomfortable
Unevenness of the road
surface
An Indigenous device developed by CRRI .It comprises of a standard
pneumatic wheel mounted within a rectangular frame with single leaf spring on
either side. Spring dashpots mounted on the leaf spring provide damping for the
suspension. Integrating unit, mounted on one side of the frame integrates the
unevenness in cm. For the measurement It is towed by a jeep at a constant speed
of 32 kmph under standard tyre pressure of 2.1 kg/cm2 along the designated
wheel path. Bumps in cm and corresponding road length in terms of wheel
revolution pulses are displayed / recorded on a panel board
The light reflection characteristics of the top of pavement surface White
roads have good visibility at night but cause glare during day time. On
the contrary, black roads have no glare during the day but have poor
visibility at night. Concrete roads have better visibility and less glare.
The road surface must be visible at night, and light reflection is the factor
that answers it.
Drainage to water The pavement surface should be impermeable to

prevent seepage of water into the pavement layers. Further, both the
geometry and texture of the pavement surface should help in draining out
the water from the surface in less time
MEMBERS:
Abarra, Lyka Mae

Bulatao, Johannes
Dulay, Ron Jansen
Ilumin, Jaica Mae
Natividad, Marc Justine
Romulo, Allan Dave
Turai, Joshua

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RAILROAD ENGINEERING

BUILDING YOUR FUTURE

Some of these design considerations are;

The geometric design of highway is influenced by:

• The Friction between the wheels and the

2. Condition of the pavement (dry or wet, hot or cold, etc.)

Drainage to water The pavement surface should be impermeable to

Abarra, Lyka Mae

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