Thermodynamics: MR Edd Villamor

Thermodynamics
Mr Edd Villamor
What is Thermodynamics?
• the scientific study of the energy changes that

accompany physical and chemical changes.
• Studying thermodynamics is vital in understanding

the relationship between energy and matter, on
whether a reaction will proceed or not based on a
given set of conditions.
First Law of Thermodynamics
• that energy can be converted from one form to

another, but it cannot be created, nor destroyed.
Chemical Energy
H2 + O2  H2O
Thermal Energy
(Heat)
Δ𝑈=𝑞+𝑤
where: Δ𝑈 = internal energy of the system
q = heat exchange between the system and
the surroundings
w = work done on (or by) the system
Δ𝑈=𝑞+𝑤
Take note of the following conventions:
-q = heat is released to the surroundings from the system
(exothermic)
+q = heat is absorbed by the system from the
surroundings (endothermic)
-w = work done by the system on the surroundings
+w = work done on the system by the surroundings
What will happen to the internal energy of this
system?
Endothermic Process
• the reactants start at a low energy
state. The resulting product will have a
higher energy state compared to the
reactant. For this to happen, the
system will have to absorb energy from
the surroundings to account for the
increase in energy of the product. Just
remember that in an endothermic
process, the product has higher
potential energy compared to the
reactant.
Exothermic Process
• the reactants start at a high energy
state. The resulting product will have
a lower energy state compared to the
reactant. The energy lost when the
reactants turned into product will be
released to the environment, maybe
in the form of heat or light. Just
remember that in an exothermic
process, the product has lower
potential energy compared to the
reactant.
Enthalpy (H)
• the thermodynamic quantity used to describe

heat changes taking place at constant pressure.
• is a measure of heat in the system .

Enthalpy of Reaction (ΔHrxn)
• The difference between the enthalpies of the

products and the enthalpies of the reactants
There are three things that you have to remember
when studying the enthalpy of reactions (ΔHrxn):
1. Enthalpy is directly proportional to the amount of

substance you have. If you double the amount of the
substances, you also double the enthalpy.
H2O(s) ---> H2O(l) ΔHrxn = 6.01 kJ/mol
2H2O(s) ---> 2H2O(l) ΔHrxn = 12.02 kJ/mol

2. The value of enthalpy changes sign when the reaction is

reversed. For example, if
H2O(s) → H2O(l) ΔHrxn = 6.01 kJ/mol
then, reversing the equation would mean changing the sign of

the enthalpy
H2O(l) → H2O(s) ΔHrxn = -6.01 kJ/mol
You must always specify the physical states of all of the substances in
the equation. In the reaction,
CH4 (g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(l) ΔHrxn =-890.4 kJ/mol
but if water in the equation is in gaseous form, the resulting enthalpy

would be different:
CH4 (g) + 2O2(g) → CO2(g) + 2H2O(g) ΔHrxn =-802.4 kJ/mol
This is because water needs to absorb energy to transform into a gas.

H O(l) → H O(g) ΔHrxn = 88.0 kJ/mol
When solving for the heat produced (or absorbed) in a
thermochemical reaction, the stoichiometric amount of the substance
and the enthalpy of the reaction is used as the conversion factor.
Consider the balanced thermochemical equation below:
2SO2(g) + O2(g)  2SO3(g) ΔHrxn = -198.2 kJ/mol
If you were given 87.9 g of SO2 (MM = 64.07 g/mol), how much
heat will be produced?
The thermochemical equation shows that for every 2 moles of
SO2, -198.2 kJ/mol of heat is released. Using this information, we can
say that the conversion factor is
Sample problem:
Nitroglycerin is a dense, colorless, oily, explosive liquid that is also
used to prevent chest pain (angina) in people with a certain heart
condition. When it explodes, it produces -1529 kJ/mol of heat.
How much heat will be produced if 100 g of nitroglycerin
explodes?
4C3H5N3O9(s)  6N2(g) + 12CO(g) + 10H2O(g) + 7O2(g)

nitroglycerin
If you want to know the amount of heat generated or absorbed by a
certain chemical reaction, you may just refer to recorded standard
enthalpies of formation for the substances that you want to study.
Standard Enthalpy of Formation ()

-the value of ΔH that corresponds to a reaction in which
one mole of a substance at 1 atm and a particular
reference temperature is prepared from its constituent
elements in their most stable forms at 1 atm pressure
and the reference temperature.
To further elaborate on this, take note of the following
concepts:
1. The elements and compounds used to get the standard enthalpy of formation
are in their standard states, or at one atmospheric pressure.
2. The reference temperature is usually 25oC.
3. Because some elements or compounds exist in different allotropic forms, the
most stable form at 1 atm is used to derive the . (most stable form means it
has the lowest enthalpy)
It should also be noted that by convention, the standard enthalpy of formation
of the most stable form of an element at 1 atm and at the reference temperature
is equal to zero. This means that diatomic molecules, like H2, N2, F2, Cl2, Br2, and
I2, and pure metals have 0 .
Many compounds cannot be directly synthesized from their
elements. An example of this is the reaction of graphite with
oxygen gas to yield carbon dioxide:
Hess’ Law
(law of constant heat summation )
-states that the change in enthalpy for any chemical

reaction is constant, whether the reaction occurs in one
step or several steps.
This means that you can use two or more reactions

(with a known standard enthalpy of formation) to
determine the of another reaction.
-Germain H. Hess, a Swiss-Russian chemist

𝐶 ( 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑝h𝑖𝑡𝑒 )+ 𝑂 2( 𝑔) → 𝐶𝑂 2( 𝑔)
Cgraphite+ 12O2g → CO (g) ∆H= -110.5
kJ
COg+ 12O2(g) → CO2(g) ∆H= -
283.0Cgraphite
kJ + O2(g) → CO2(g) ∆H= -
393.5 kJ
Supposed you’re asked to find the ΔH for the reaction:
How do you find the ΔH for the reaction using the following thermochemical
equations?
𝟐 𝑵𝑯 𝟑(𝒈) +𝟑 𝑵 𝟐 𝑶 (𝒈) →𝟒 𝑵 𝟐(𝒈) +𝟑 𝑯 𝟐 𝑶(𝒍)

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Thermodynamics

• the scientific study of the energy changes that

• Studying thermodynamics is vital in understanding

• that energy can be converted from one form to

• the thermodynamic quantity used to describe

• is a measure of heat in the system .

• The difference between the enthalpies of the

1. Enthalpy is directly proportional to the amount of

2H2O(s) ---> 2H2O(l) ΔHrxn = 12.02 kJ/mol

2. The value of enthalpy changes sign when the reaction is

then, reversing the equation would mean changing the sign of

but if water in the equation is in gaseous form, the resulting enthalpy

This is because water needs to absorb energy to transform into a gas.

4C3H5N3O9(s)  6N2(g) + 12CO(g) + 10H2O(g) + 7O2(g)

Standard Enthalpy of Formation ()

-states that the change in enthalpy for any chemical

This means that you can use two or more reactions

-Germain H. Hess, a Swiss-Russian chemist

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